Author: yxpweed
Marble refers to a metamorphic rock formed by alteration of limestone or dolomite, often irregularly colored by impurities. Marble composed mostly of calcite, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, CaCO3. It is widely used for sculpture, as a building material, and in many other architectural applications. The word 'marble' is colloquially used to refer to many other stones that are capable of taking a high polish. Marbles comes in different colors such as black, red, gray, white, pink, green and mottled and banded etc.
It is a hard wearing beautiful product and is heavy, as it comes in slab form commonly. Marble is generally used for roofing, flooring, wall cladding, and all other interior and exterior application. There is a wide categorization of marble stone types including different type of tiles, chips, blocks etc. This stone works perfectly for decorating home, office and other places very elegantly.
Most of the marble products are rectangular in shape but they come in various sizes. For example marble tiles, marble slabs and marble blocks are rectangular and flat in shape. On the other hand marble chips and marble floor tiles come in different shapes. Marble chips are small pieces of marble that have no definite shape as they often occur naturally. Marble chips are used to give parks, gardens or landscapes an exiting and cool look. One need not use any special product to fix these marble chips as these can easily be spread over the area that one wants to cover.
Marble tiles are made in an array of size and thickness. Marble tiles can be used in the houses or in the gardens (outdoors) because of their long term strength. Marble slabs are flat in shape and have small thickness. Marble steps and Marble floor tiles are available in various shapes and small sizes so that they can be used on house floors, stairs and various other places. Marble blocks came in large sizes and are very durable. Marble blocks are mostly used for various exterior purposes.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_823630_27.html
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Tuesday, July 7, 2009
Soapstone Slabs and Blocks Add Function and Form To Your Spaces
Author: Anne Harvester
You may have marveled at the beauty of soapstone sinks, fireplaces, countertops, tiles, mosaics and cookware. Their finished beauty defies their humble beginnings as soapstone slabs and soapstone blocks. Taking rough stone from the side of a mountain in Brazil through all of the processes needed to bring a sink or a countertop to life is an interesting and detailed task, but one that is offered by stone masons around the world so that you can enjoy the results of soapstone in your home or office.
Some of the world's most lovely soapstone hails from Brazil. Soapstone is a metamorphic rock that consists primarily of talc and magnesium. Miners drill holes with heavy water pistons into the side of a mountain where the soapstone is located and once a hole is made through the area, a heavy cable studded with diamonds is used to slice the chunk of soapstone from the mountainside, a little like using a piece of dental floss to slice through a delicate cheesecake. Heavy bucket loaders come in and loosen the large pieces from the earth. After a thorough washing with water, the soapstone is taken to a stone yard for processing, where large saws with diamond edges are used to cut the soapstone into the desired shapes.
Soapstone is typically sold in slabs and blocks. Both have specific uses in construction applications for homes and commercial spaces.
Soapstone slabs are used for making luxurious countertops. These countertops are much in demand, both for their beauty and for their heat and stain resistance. You can set hot food containers directly on the countertop, with no ill effect. They clean up easily with common household cleaners as well.
Soapstone blocks can be used for crafting sinks and fireplaces, although slabs can be used for this purpose as well depending on the specific design desired. Grinders, guided by lasers, are used to grind the sandstone to create basins, and drains are cut out with specialty cutters that can make a hole in the solid piece of stone. If soapstone slabs are used in creating sinks, heavy waterproof epoxys are used to glue the flat pieces together so that they will hold water. A very unified and elegant look can be achieved when soapstone slabs are used for the countertops, and soapstone blocks are used for the sinks in a bathroom or kitchen.
Soapstone comes in beautiful shades of grey, blue and charcoal, all with unique veining so that no two pieces are exactly alike. You can adorn your home and workspace with all of the sophisticated style and durability that comes from using products made from soapstone slabs and soapstone blocks from Brazil.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_648533_27.html
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You may have marveled at the beauty of soapstone sinks, fireplaces, countertops, tiles, mosaics and cookware. Their finished beauty defies their humble beginnings as soapstone slabs and soapstone blocks. Taking rough stone from the side of a mountain in Brazil through all of the processes needed to bring a sink or a countertop to life is an interesting and detailed task, but one that is offered by stone masons around the world so that you can enjoy the results of soapstone in your home or office.
Some of the world's most lovely soapstone hails from Brazil. Soapstone is a metamorphic rock that consists primarily of talc and magnesium. Miners drill holes with heavy water pistons into the side of a mountain where the soapstone is located and once a hole is made through the area, a heavy cable studded with diamonds is used to slice the chunk of soapstone from the mountainside, a little like using a piece of dental floss to slice through a delicate cheesecake. Heavy bucket loaders come in and loosen the large pieces from the earth. After a thorough washing with water, the soapstone is taken to a stone yard for processing, where large saws with diamond edges are used to cut the soapstone into the desired shapes.
Soapstone is typically sold in slabs and blocks. Both have specific uses in construction applications for homes and commercial spaces.
Soapstone slabs are used for making luxurious countertops. These countertops are much in demand, both for their beauty and for their heat and stain resistance. You can set hot food containers directly on the countertop, with no ill effect. They clean up easily with common household cleaners as well.
Soapstone blocks can be used for crafting sinks and fireplaces, although slabs can be used for this purpose as well depending on the specific design desired. Grinders, guided by lasers, are used to grind the sandstone to create basins, and drains are cut out with specialty cutters that can make a hole in the solid piece of stone. If soapstone slabs are used in creating sinks, heavy waterproof epoxys are used to glue the flat pieces together so that they will hold water. A very unified and elegant look can be achieved when soapstone slabs are used for the countertops, and soapstone blocks are used for the sinks in a bathroom or kitchen.
Soapstone comes in beautiful shades of grey, blue and charcoal, all with unique veining so that no two pieces are exactly alike. You can adorn your home and workspace with all of the sophisticated style and durability that comes from using products made from soapstone slabs and soapstone blocks from Brazil.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_648533_27.html
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The desirability of a soapstone stove
Author: Jonothan Blocker
If you are seeking a surface for your kitchen that is at once traditional yet contemporary, you’ll be hard-pressed to do better than a Soapstone Stove.
Soapstone – so-called because it provides a tactile sensation similar to that of a dry bar of soap – is a unique form of what geologists call metamorphic rock, which is sometimes called “fire rock.” Metamorphic rock is that which starts as one kind of minieral, but under preternatural geologic pressure and heat, is transformed – “morphed” – into a different kind of mineral.
The material that goes into the creation of a soapstone stove is geologically related to marble, and even shares some of marble’s aesthetic qualities. Composed primarily of magnesium, talc and dolomite, soapstone is found primarily in strata dating back 300 – 400 million years – long before even the dinosaurs. Soapstone has a grained appearance similar to that of marble; this is one of the attributes of a Soapstone Stoves surface that makes it so attractive.
The desirability of Soapstone Stoves surface goes far beyond the aesthetic, however. Although soapstone itself is relatively soft as stone goes, it is also highly durable, heat resistant and heat conducive, and impervious to chemical stains and damage. Because it is inert, it is possible to spill almost anything atop a soapstone stove surface without damaging it. Any stains can readily be wiped away, or sanded off without doing any substantial damage to the surface.
In fact, soapstone has been used for pottery, ovens and other types of cookware for eons. Inuits and other Native American peoples have created exquisite works of are using soapstone that is used for boiling and roasting. The properties that make soapstone impervious to heat yet an efficient conductor of heat; food cooks evenly and thoroughly throughout atop a soapstone stove surface.
If you are seeking a unique type of cooking surface for your kitchen that blends with virtually any type of décor from one inspired by the ancient Mediterranean to the most contemporary styles, a soapstone stove will serve well. It is a bit of an initial investment, but history shows that it is one that will last for generations; there is many a soapstone stove that has been in everyday use for decades, even centuries. When you invest in a soapstone stove, you are investing in a piece of that history that will serve you for a lifetime, as well as the lifetime of your children, grandchildren – and beyond.
Check out soapstone today, and find out how a soapstone stove can enhance both the appearance and the utility of your kitchen today.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_573293_15.html
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If you are seeking a surface for your kitchen that is at once traditional yet contemporary, you’ll be hard-pressed to do better than a Soapstone Stove.
Soapstone – so-called because it provides a tactile sensation similar to that of a dry bar of soap – is a unique form of what geologists call metamorphic rock, which is sometimes called “fire rock.” Metamorphic rock is that which starts as one kind of minieral, but under preternatural geologic pressure and heat, is transformed – “morphed” – into a different kind of mineral.
The material that goes into the creation of a soapstone stove is geologically related to marble, and even shares some of marble’s aesthetic qualities. Composed primarily of magnesium, talc and dolomite, soapstone is found primarily in strata dating back 300 – 400 million years – long before even the dinosaurs. Soapstone has a grained appearance similar to that of marble; this is one of the attributes of a Soapstone Stoves surface that makes it so attractive.
The desirability of Soapstone Stoves surface goes far beyond the aesthetic, however. Although soapstone itself is relatively soft as stone goes, it is also highly durable, heat resistant and heat conducive, and impervious to chemical stains and damage. Because it is inert, it is possible to spill almost anything atop a soapstone stove surface without damaging it. Any stains can readily be wiped away, or sanded off without doing any substantial damage to the surface.
In fact, soapstone has been used for pottery, ovens and other types of cookware for eons. Inuits and other Native American peoples have created exquisite works of are using soapstone that is used for boiling and roasting. The properties that make soapstone impervious to heat yet an efficient conductor of heat; food cooks evenly and thoroughly throughout atop a soapstone stove surface.
If you are seeking a unique type of cooking surface for your kitchen that blends with virtually any type of décor from one inspired by the ancient Mediterranean to the most contemporary styles, a soapstone stove will serve well. It is a bit of an initial investment, but history shows that it is one that will last for generations; there is many a soapstone stove that has been in everyday use for decades, even centuries. When you invest in a soapstone stove, you are investing in a piece of that history that will serve you for a lifetime, as well as the lifetime of your children, grandchildren – and beyond.
Check out soapstone today, and find out how a soapstone stove can enhance both the appearance and the utility of your kitchen today.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_573293_15.html
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Oil From Shale
Author: Dayele
Oil shale is a sedimentary rock rich in kerogen which is a fossil fuel. Kerogen is an immature form of hydrocarbon that has been trapped in the oil shale. Solid oil shale is transformed into synthetic crude oil. Synthetic crude is a liquid fuel that can be refined into diesel and gasoline.
There are hundreds of patents from different companies trying to come up with cost efficient ways to extract the oil from the oil shale. Nothing made sense cost wise until oil started getting up over $70 a barrel. Now with oil hovering above $90 a barrel extracting oil from oil shale is starting to look promising.
Right here in the U.S. is one of the largest potential reserves of oil shale in the world. It lies in the Green River Formation which is an underground lakebed that spans some 17,000 square miles in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming. It is said to hold at a minimum 800 billion barrels of oil that can be recovered. A Department of Energy study says that the Formation can sustain two million barrels a day by 2020 and three million a day by 2040.
Shell Oil has developed the most promising technology which they call the In Situ Conversion Process. How it works is this: 1800 foot wells are drilled and then heating rods are inserted in the wells. The heating rods heat the oil shale to 650 degrees Fahrenheit. They surround the wells with freeze walls which keep the oil from escaping into the ground water. The freeze walls are created by piping coolant deep into the ground around the wells. This freezes the rock and water around the drill site. The heat from the heating rods transforms the oil in the shale into oil and natural gas. The natural gas is separated from the oil and then will be used to produce the power to heat the rods. Of course a lot of water and energy is used to extract the oil from the oil shale. Most oil companies, like Triple Diamond Energy Corporation, will generate their own power from the natural gas extracted right at the drilling site. The oil will be piped to a refinery to be converted into gasoline.
Surface mining of oil shale deposits is just like strip mining for coal and has numerous effects on the environment. This new In Situ Conversion process will significantly reduce the damage to the environment caused by extracting oil from oil shale deposits.
Chris Jent is the Chief Marketing Officer of Triple Diamond Energy Corp. Triple Diamond Energy specializes in acquiring the highest quality prime oil and gas properties. For more information, visit http://www.triplediamondenergycorp.blogspot.com.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_246509_15.html
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Oil shale is a sedimentary rock rich in kerogen which is a fossil fuel. Kerogen is an immature form of hydrocarbon that has been trapped in the oil shale. Solid oil shale is transformed into synthetic crude oil. Synthetic crude is a liquid fuel that can be refined into diesel and gasoline.
There are hundreds of patents from different companies trying to come up with cost efficient ways to extract the oil from the oil shale. Nothing made sense cost wise until oil started getting up over $70 a barrel. Now with oil hovering above $90 a barrel extracting oil from oil shale is starting to look promising.
Right here in the U.S. is one of the largest potential reserves of oil shale in the world. It lies in the Green River Formation which is an underground lakebed that spans some 17,000 square miles in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming. It is said to hold at a minimum 800 billion barrels of oil that can be recovered. A Department of Energy study says that the Formation can sustain two million barrels a day by 2020 and three million a day by 2040.
Shell Oil has developed the most promising technology which they call the In Situ Conversion Process. How it works is this: 1800 foot wells are drilled and then heating rods are inserted in the wells. The heating rods heat the oil shale to 650 degrees Fahrenheit. They surround the wells with freeze walls which keep the oil from escaping into the ground water. The freeze walls are created by piping coolant deep into the ground around the wells. This freezes the rock and water around the drill site. The heat from the heating rods transforms the oil in the shale into oil and natural gas. The natural gas is separated from the oil and then will be used to produce the power to heat the rods. Of course a lot of water and energy is used to extract the oil from the oil shale. Most oil companies, like Triple Diamond Energy Corporation, will generate their own power from the natural gas extracted right at the drilling site. The oil will be piped to a refinery to be converted into gasoline.
Surface mining of oil shale deposits is just like strip mining for coal and has numerous effects on the environment. This new In Situ Conversion process will significantly reduce the damage to the environment caused by extracting oil from oil shale deposits.
Chris Jent is the Chief Marketing Officer of Triple Diamond Energy Corp. Triple Diamond Energy specializes in acquiring the highest quality prime oil and gas properties. For more information, visit http://www.triplediamondenergycorp.blogspot.com.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_246509_15.html
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Stylish Travertine tiles
Author: Jill Anderson
Travertine tiles are prepared from natural travertine stone, which are alike in texture and composition to limestone.
Travertine tiles are naturally tough and loaded in calcium. This uniqueness makes it ideal for both core and external applications such as wall tiles, flooring, garden paths, terrace pavements, counter and tabletops. Brown, silver, red, white, yellow and beige are the general colors available in the market today.
Tile options are typically products of either cross-cut or vein-cut methods. Cross-cut follows the grain of the bedding and its layers to construct a consistent texture. Vein cutting goes through layers of rock bed and creates a more striated and spotted appearance.
Contemporary travertine comes in assorted finishes, the most well-liked being honed or polished. Honed tiles are polished for a flat matte surface. Tumbled travertine is rolled with gravel to give it an uneven, unpolished, and coarse rustic look. Filled travertine tiles are those whose pits and crevices are filled with resin or cement for a level, solid surface. On the other hand, unfilled travertine tiles give it a singularly unique and antique look.
Filled tiles are much easier to clean than unfilled travertine tiles as dirt particles can fall in the crevices, pits and uneven surfaces. The polished travertine tiles are the accepted choices for residences. A smooth, untouched surface reflects natural light and allows for a lustrous touch to the tiles. Combined with the fine variations in shades and vein markings, travertine is a versatile abode building substance. Travertine absorbs oils and is susceptible to hard scratches and acids. If it will be used in the bathroom and kitchens, it has to be treated with oil repellent sealers to guard it against wetness.
Su.J is a retailer of bathroom fixtures explains how Bathroom Tiles gives a beautiful look to your bathroom floor Atlasbathrooms.co.uk provides all types of bathroom tiles like Granite Countertops, Porcelain Tile, travertine tiles and Slate Roof Tile etc.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_906849_80.html
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Travertine tiles are prepared from natural travertine stone, which are alike in texture and composition to limestone.
Travertine tiles are naturally tough and loaded in calcium. This uniqueness makes it ideal for both core and external applications such as wall tiles, flooring, garden paths, terrace pavements, counter and tabletops. Brown, silver, red, white, yellow and beige are the general colors available in the market today.
Tile options are typically products of either cross-cut or vein-cut methods. Cross-cut follows the grain of the bedding and its layers to construct a consistent texture. Vein cutting goes through layers of rock bed and creates a more striated and spotted appearance.
Contemporary travertine comes in assorted finishes, the most well-liked being honed or polished. Honed tiles are polished for a flat matte surface. Tumbled travertine is rolled with gravel to give it an uneven, unpolished, and coarse rustic look. Filled travertine tiles are those whose pits and crevices are filled with resin or cement for a level, solid surface. On the other hand, unfilled travertine tiles give it a singularly unique and antique look.
Filled tiles are much easier to clean than unfilled travertine tiles as dirt particles can fall in the crevices, pits and uneven surfaces. The polished travertine tiles are the accepted choices for residences. A smooth, untouched surface reflects natural light and allows for a lustrous touch to the tiles. Combined with the fine variations in shades and vein markings, travertine is a versatile abode building substance. Travertine absorbs oils and is susceptible to hard scratches and acids. If it will be used in the bathroom and kitchens, it has to be treated with oil repellent sealers to guard it against wetness.
Su.J is a retailer of bathroom fixtures explains how Bathroom Tiles gives a beautiful look to your bathroom floor Atlasbathrooms.co.uk provides all types of bathroom tiles like Granite Countertops, Porcelain Tile, travertine tiles and Slate Roof Tile etc.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_906849_80.html
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The origin of Diamonds and the world locations
Author: Gerald
We know today, that the diamond is generated naturally deep inside the earth under extreme pressure at temperatures above 1,000 degrees celsius. Such conditions only exist hundreds of kilometer deep in the interior of the earth.
Diamonds are differentiated between various types, Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb. Although this information is important to the diamond cutter, it is of no value to the buyer. Diamond's superior optical properties and hardness has earned this mineral the highest respect in both industry and jewelry. It has a long tradition of invincibility and hence the Greek name, adamas.
Today, 75-80% of the world's natural diamonds are used for industrial purposes and only 20 to 25% for gemstones. It is the chemical and physical properties of this mineral that give it the superior cutting ability for industrial use. Diamond coatings have improved on diamond's industrial applications in cutting and in aiding the performance of semiconductors. It is the optical properties of this mineral that give it the superior beauty and durability to be used as a gemstone. The rarity of this gemstone is related to the petrogenesis of the igneous rock in which the diamond is recovered. Diamond may even be found in meteorites. It is an important economic resource, responsible for developing nations and creating war. Faceting diamond, in order to maximize its optical properties, depends upon knowledge of geometry. Diamond is the perfect mineral to focus on considering its notoriety and the fact that diamond studies cross disciplines, such as mineralogy, geology, astronomy, material science, mathematics, anthropology, art, history, and economics.
Diamonds, whether they are for industrial use or for jewellery such as diamond rings or necklace come from different areas around the world.
They can be found in North America (mainly North Canada) and South America, but also in Eastern and South Africa, India, Russia and East Asia as well as Australia.
Even though diamonds are mined at many different parts of the earth's surface, the impurities in them will be very similar. In fact it has been found that is virtually impossible to distinguish between rough diamonds from conflict zones and those mined legitimately in countries such as Botswana, the biggest rough diamond producer in the world.
Gerald Online is a shop where you can buy a gold engagement rings , Diamond engagement Rings and many other types of engagement rings and jewellery.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_474351_15.html
Read More ..
We know today, that the diamond is generated naturally deep inside the earth under extreme pressure at temperatures above 1,000 degrees celsius. Such conditions only exist hundreds of kilometer deep in the interior of the earth.
Diamonds are differentiated between various types, Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb. Although this information is important to the diamond cutter, it is of no value to the buyer. Diamond's superior optical properties and hardness has earned this mineral the highest respect in both industry and jewelry. It has a long tradition of invincibility and hence the Greek name, adamas.
Today, 75-80% of the world's natural diamonds are used for industrial purposes and only 20 to 25% for gemstones. It is the chemical and physical properties of this mineral that give it the superior cutting ability for industrial use. Diamond coatings have improved on diamond's industrial applications in cutting and in aiding the performance of semiconductors. It is the optical properties of this mineral that give it the superior beauty and durability to be used as a gemstone. The rarity of this gemstone is related to the petrogenesis of the igneous rock in which the diamond is recovered. Diamond may even be found in meteorites. It is an important economic resource, responsible for developing nations and creating war. Faceting diamond, in order to maximize its optical properties, depends upon knowledge of geometry. Diamond is the perfect mineral to focus on considering its notoriety and the fact that diamond studies cross disciplines, such as mineralogy, geology, astronomy, material science, mathematics, anthropology, art, history, and economics.
Diamonds, whether they are for industrial use or for jewellery such as diamond rings or necklace come from different areas around the world.
They can be found in North America (mainly North Canada) and South America, but also in Eastern and South Africa, India, Russia and East Asia as well as Australia.
Even though diamonds are mined at many different parts of the earth's surface, the impurities in them will be very similar. In fact it has been found that is virtually impossible to distinguish between rough diamonds from conflict zones and those mined legitimately in countries such as Botswana, the biggest rough diamond producer in the world.
Gerald Online is a shop where you can buy a gold engagement rings , Diamond engagement Rings and many other types of engagement rings and jewellery.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_474351_15.html
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Granite Floor Tiles: Sturdy yet stylish
Author: Aliceshown
Granite is a kind of igneous rock that is formed below the surface of the Earth, under tremendous heat and pressure. The rock is granular in texture, and is thus called granite. It is the origin that makes granite highly resistant to heat, moisture, and regular wear and tear. Granite floor tiles thus make the ideal choice for kitchen floors, and bathroom floors. This is because these floors have to withstand a lot of punishment from falling utensils, lots of moisture, spilled liquids of various kinds and at various temperatures, scratches from sharp utensils and metal buckets, and so on. Kitchen and bathroom floors also require frequent cleaning, so the material used in the floor must be able to withstand it.
The granite tiles are cut, shaped, and polished on one side. Being very hard in nature, the slabs of granite cannot be cut easily. Special types of abrasive cutters or sandblasters are required to cut the granite slabs to size. These tiles may be hard, but the polished surfaces are smooth and cold to touch. Granite is not only preferred for its hardiness, but also for its aesthetic appearance. The tiles are available in various colors, such as grey, green, yellow, black, red, white, brown, silver, etc. Differently colored granite tiles can spice up almost any kind of kitchen or bathroom set up. The polished surfaces also provide little or no room for bacteria to thrive in, thus making granite tiles the safest option for floors.
The best choice would be to use medium sized, square-shaped granite tiles with 1/8 inch close grout lines. This would ensure cost-effective usage of filler material and will also bind the tiles strongly enough to give a long lasting end result. The medium sized floor tiles will make the room look more spacious. The polished granite tiles tend to reflect some light, thereby improving the lighting in the room.
Granite floor tiles, in spite of their hardiness, do require some care and frequent cleaning. Stone soaps (highly concentrated water based cleaning solutions) are formulated especially for cleaning granite floors. These do not leave any residues on the tiles and do not make them slippery either. Stone soaps can clean granite floors all the way down to the pores, removing dirt, dust, grime, and grease. Frequent cleaning and responsible usage will keep the granite floor looking brand new for years.
Whether you’re building your dream home, designing a commercial master- piece, or creating a garden paradise, Surfaces USA provides the essential qualities that give your vision the look and feel you desire. We carry a wide selection of the Finest Granite Tiles, Tumbled Mosaic, Glass, Slate & Travertine.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_767006_27.html Read More ..
Granite is a kind of igneous rock that is formed below the surface of the Earth, under tremendous heat and pressure. The rock is granular in texture, and is thus called granite. It is the origin that makes granite highly resistant to heat, moisture, and regular wear and tear. Granite floor tiles thus make the ideal choice for kitchen floors, and bathroom floors. This is because these floors have to withstand a lot of punishment from falling utensils, lots of moisture, spilled liquids of various kinds and at various temperatures, scratches from sharp utensils and metal buckets, and so on. Kitchen and bathroom floors also require frequent cleaning, so the material used in the floor must be able to withstand it.
The granite tiles are cut, shaped, and polished on one side. Being very hard in nature, the slabs of granite cannot be cut easily. Special types of abrasive cutters or sandblasters are required to cut the granite slabs to size. These tiles may be hard, but the polished surfaces are smooth and cold to touch. Granite is not only preferred for its hardiness, but also for its aesthetic appearance. The tiles are available in various colors, such as grey, green, yellow, black, red, white, brown, silver, etc. Differently colored granite tiles can spice up almost any kind of kitchen or bathroom set up. The polished surfaces also provide little or no room for bacteria to thrive in, thus making granite tiles the safest option for floors.
The best choice would be to use medium sized, square-shaped granite tiles with 1/8 inch close grout lines. This would ensure cost-effective usage of filler material and will also bind the tiles strongly enough to give a long lasting end result. The medium sized floor tiles will make the room look more spacious. The polished granite tiles tend to reflect some light, thereby improving the lighting in the room.
Granite floor tiles, in spite of their hardiness, do require some care and frequent cleaning. Stone soaps (highly concentrated water based cleaning solutions) are formulated especially for cleaning granite floors. These do not leave any residues on the tiles and do not make them slippery either. Stone soaps can clean granite floors all the way down to the pores, removing dirt, dust, grime, and grease. Frequent cleaning and responsible usage will keep the granite floor looking brand new for years.
Whether you’re building your dream home, designing a commercial master- piece, or creating a garden paradise, Surfaces USA provides the essential qualities that give your vision the look and feel you desire. We carry a wide selection of the Finest Granite Tiles, Tumbled Mosaic, Glass, Slate & Travertine.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_767006_27.html Read More ..
Oilfield Job: A Mudlogger's Career Advancement To Data Engineer And Beyond
Author: Calvin
The oil and gas industry is desperately looking for workers at all levels. They would prefer experienced workers, but beggars can't be choosers - many of their most experienced staff are reaching retirement age in the next few years and they need those skills transferred before it is too late. Besides roustabouts, a mudlogger is another entry level oilfield job which leads to better things. Many senior staff on oil rigs started off as mudloggers.
A mudlogger:
connect various sensors to the drilling apparatus and install specialized equipment
collects geological samples of rock cuttings from the oil well (as part of the oil drilling process)
monitor gases coming up out of the wellbore as an indicator of hydrocarbons
prepares and analyses them geologically
writes a report on them
enters the information into the database.
Mudloggers work 12-hour shifts, and there are always 2 of them on an oil rig to ensure 24-hour coverage. The job is strenuous and challenging, especially when you have to install equipment and collect samples while drilling is actively going on. You have to be diligent, because part of your duties includes monitoring the level of dangerous gas which can cause a well blowout.
There is high turnover in this oilfield job. Most mudloggers work for oil services companies - not directly for the major companies like Shell or BP. Larger service companies require you to have a geology degree, and expect you to move up the career ladder quickly. Most mudloggers are young, in their early twenties and single. It is rare to see a middle-aged mudlogger. After 6 months to two years of work, you would ideally gain promotion to data engineer, with more responsibilities. As a data engineer, you will also troubleshoot problems which arise, and maintain and repair sensors as needed. For many mudloggers, the eventual aim is to become the wellsite geologist.
Although a mudlogger is an entry level oilfield job, you will earn at least $50,000 annually. Recent information from the American Association of Petroleum Geologists' April 2008 meeting showed that graduate students with Masters and PhD degrees were receiving salaries of $80,000 to $110,000. Compare this to $55,000 in 2003.
Another perk of your job is travel. Many oil services companies have operations all over the world. For example, Geoservices has service contracts throughout oil rigs on the North Sea. Their employees get the opportunity to travel throughout northern Europe - Norway, Denmark and Holland - when they are off-duty. Working 2 weeks on, 2 weeks off means that you have plenty of time to explore the countries where you are based.
Some new hires hope to use a mudlogger oilfield job to get hired for bigger things by a major oil company like Exxon. This strategy has mixed success. In the United States, many oil wells are owned by wildcatters, who sell their oil to the oil companies. In the North Sea, too, many subcontractors and service companies are used to operate offshore oil rigs. Typically, companies like Shell have only a token presence on board these offshore oil rigs - the company man. Everyone else works for the contractor.
Right now, geology graduates with advanced degrees are being headhunted even before they graduate. But not everyone can go to graduate school, and not every geology student can score straight A's to attract a company like Halliburton. If your results are only average, your best chance to get an oilfield job is to use proven oil rig employment placement services.
Are you looking for an oilfield job? Click here to learn how RigWorker.com can help you to quickly and easily find an oilfield job.
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The oil and gas industry is desperately looking for workers at all levels. They would prefer experienced workers, but beggars can't be choosers - many of their most experienced staff are reaching retirement age in the next few years and they need those skills transferred before it is too late. Besides roustabouts, a mudlogger is another entry level oilfield job which leads to better things. Many senior staff on oil rigs started off as mudloggers.
A mudlogger:
connect various sensors to the drilling apparatus and install specialized equipment
collects geological samples of rock cuttings from the oil well (as part of the oil drilling process)
monitor gases coming up out of the wellbore as an indicator of hydrocarbons
prepares and analyses them geologically
writes a report on them
enters the information into the database.
Mudloggers work 12-hour shifts, and there are always 2 of them on an oil rig to ensure 24-hour coverage. The job is strenuous and challenging, especially when you have to install equipment and collect samples while drilling is actively going on. You have to be diligent, because part of your duties includes monitoring the level of dangerous gas which can cause a well blowout.
There is high turnover in this oilfield job. Most mudloggers work for oil services companies - not directly for the major companies like Shell or BP. Larger service companies require you to have a geology degree, and expect you to move up the career ladder quickly. Most mudloggers are young, in their early twenties and single. It is rare to see a middle-aged mudlogger. After 6 months to two years of work, you would ideally gain promotion to data engineer, with more responsibilities. As a data engineer, you will also troubleshoot problems which arise, and maintain and repair sensors as needed. For many mudloggers, the eventual aim is to become the wellsite geologist.
Although a mudlogger is an entry level oilfield job, you will earn at least $50,000 annually. Recent information from the American Association of Petroleum Geologists' April 2008 meeting showed that graduate students with Masters and PhD degrees were receiving salaries of $80,000 to $110,000. Compare this to $55,000 in 2003.
Another perk of your job is travel. Many oil services companies have operations all over the world. For example, Geoservices has service contracts throughout oil rigs on the North Sea. Their employees get the opportunity to travel throughout northern Europe - Norway, Denmark and Holland - when they are off-duty. Working 2 weeks on, 2 weeks off means that you have plenty of time to explore the countries where you are based.
Some new hires hope to use a mudlogger oilfield job to get hired for bigger things by a major oil company like Exxon. This strategy has mixed success. In the United States, many oil wells are owned by wildcatters, who sell their oil to the oil companies. In the North Sea, too, many subcontractors and service companies are used to operate offshore oil rigs. Typically, companies like Shell have only a token presence on board these offshore oil rigs - the company man. Everyone else works for the contractor.
Right now, geology graduates with advanced degrees are being headhunted even before they graduate. But not everyone can go to graduate school, and not every geology student can score straight A's to attract a company like Halliburton. If your results are only average, your best chance to get an oilfield job is to use proven oil rig employment placement services.
Are you looking for an oilfield job? Click here to learn how RigWorker.com can help you to quickly and easily find an oilfield job.
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Niagara Falls: more than just waterfalls
Author: t_kogutenko
Niagara Falls are located on the Niagara River, which connects two of the five American Great Lakes: Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. It is a part of the border between the USA and Canada, so you can watch them while staying in Canada or the USA alike. The name “Niagara Falls” unites two waterfalls: Horseshoe Falls, which reflects the form of the attraction, and American Falls within the state of New York. Waters of the mighty Niagara River approach the rapids and fall from the height of 167 feet (52 meters). Every year the sight attracts about 15 million tourists from all around the world, that is why the nearby city – Niagara Falls, has everything a tourist needs – comfortable hotels, pictorial parks, all kinds of restaurants, cafes and bars, casinos illuminated with neon lights as well as great amount of entertainment options that suit any taste and any age. There are historical attractions, museums, festivals, not to mention the unforgettable fireworks held at night.
No matter what season you choose, the Falls are a beautiful sight to see, but the best time to go there is summer or winter: only the edge of the river freezes and the rocks near the Falls get covered with giant icicles, shining against the water. The Rainbow bridge connecting the Canadian and American sides turns into an ice construction. In the beginning of November and till the end of December thousands of seagulls arrive at Niagara Falls – a spectacular view to see it is.
Restaurants, cafes and bars of the Niagara Falls offer a great choice of culinary delights that satisfy any taste: from refined European dishes to traditional American food, as well as Canadian dishes prepared of local products. You can also enjoy an evening show performed at some local restaurants like the Grand Dinner Theatre, or be overwhelmed by stunning views over the Falls and the surrounding landscapes that open up from the windows of Skylon Tower or Queenston Heights.
Children will enjoy their time at the Great Canadian Midway entertainment and dining district at Clifton Hill – more than 7000 sq m of attractions, playing machines, sports venues, cafes… The highlight is the Dinosaur Park with the prehistoric atmosphere. Also visit several golf courts in the city suburbs and buy souvenirs at local shops.
The number of attractions at the city and the Falls could not be counted, but I’ll list some of them. The city is renowned for its parks and rosariums. For instance, its Botanical Gardens occupy a 100-acre territory and are known for their giant floral clock consisting of 19 thousand flowers. The Niagara Butterfly Conservatory provides all the conditions that its exotic residents – more than 2000 butterfly species – need.
Queen Victoria Park is one of the numerous parks found along the Falls. In springtime its visitors can see Japanese cherry and peach trees and the main summer highlight of the park is its rosarium. Niagara Glen is a nature reserve deep in the Great Gorge. This is the world of stones, granite and limestone, excellent in terms of studying history, geology and biology. The Niagara Greenhouse contains an exposition of tropical plants and flowers.
Many travelers go to the Niagara Falls in winter to see its Winter Festival of Light when hundreds of lights and fireworks illuminate the area.
The best place to observe the waterfalls is Table Rock Center. A helicopter flight over the Falls is also a breathtaking adventure. To see the falls from the water, make a tour on board of Maid of Mist – the boat which was launched in 1846.
As for museums, don’t miss the Mackenzie Heritage Printery Museum, Fort Erie, Niagara Falls Railway Museum, Movieland Wax Museum, Rock Legends Wax Museum and others. Have a nice time!
Niagara Falls hotels reservation Reservation of hotels at Niagara Falls
www.bb72.com online hotel reservation.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_469697_29.html Read More ..
Niagara Falls are located on the Niagara River, which connects two of the five American Great Lakes: Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. It is a part of the border between the USA and Canada, so you can watch them while staying in Canada or the USA alike. The name “Niagara Falls” unites two waterfalls: Horseshoe Falls, which reflects the form of the attraction, and American Falls within the state of New York. Waters of the mighty Niagara River approach the rapids and fall from the height of 167 feet (52 meters). Every year the sight attracts about 15 million tourists from all around the world, that is why the nearby city – Niagara Falls, has everything a tourist needs – comfortable hotels, pictorial parks, all kinds of restaurants, cafes and bars, casinos illuminated with neon lights as well as great amount of entertainment options that suit any taste and any age. There are historical attractions, museums, festivals, not to mention the unforgettable fireworks held at night.
No matter what season you choose, the Falls are a beautiful sight to see, but the best time to go there is summer or winter: only the edge of the river freezes and the rocks near the Falls get covered with giant icicles, shining against the water. The Rainbow bridge connecting the Canadian and American sides turns into an ice construction. In the beginning of November and till the end of December thousands of seagulls arrive at Niagara Falls – a spectacular view to see it is.
Restaurants, cafes and bars of the Niagara Falls offer a great choice of culinary delights that satisfy any taste: from refined European dishes to traditional American food, as well as Canadian dishes prepared of local products. You can also enjoy an evening show performed at some local restaurants like the Grand Dinner Theatre, or be overwhelmed by stunning views over the Falls and the surrounding landscapes that open up from the windows of Skylon Tower or Queenston Heights.
Children will enjoy their time at the Great Canadian Midway entertainment and dining district at Clifton Hill – more than 7000 sq m of attractions, playing machines, sports venues, cafes… The highlight is the Dinosaur Park with the prehistoric atmosphere. Also visit several golf courts in the city suburbs and buy souvenirs at local shops.
The number of attractions at the city and the Falls could not be counted, but I’ll list some of them. The city is renowned for its parks and rosariums. For instance, its Botanical Gardens occupy a 100-acre territory and are known for their giant floral clock consisting of 19 thousand flowers. The Niagara Butterfly Conservatory provides all the conditions that its exotic residents – more than 2000 butterfly species – need.
Queen Victoria Park is one of the numerous parks found along the Falls. In springtime its visitors can see Japanese cherry and peach trees and the main summer highlight of the park is its rosarium. Niagara Glen is a nature reserve deep in the Great Gorge. This is the world of stones, granite and limestone, excellent in terms of studying history, geology and biology. The Niagara Greenhouse contains an exposition of tropical plants and flowers.
Many travelers go to the Niagara Falls in winter to see its Winter Festival of Light when hundreds of lights and fireworks illuminate the area.
The best place to observe the waterfalls is Table Rock Center. A helicopter flight over the Falls is also a breathtaking adventure. To see the falls from the water, make a tour on board of Maid of Mist – the boat which was launched in 1846.
As for museums, don’t miss the Mackenzie Heritage Printery Museum, Fort Erie, Niagara Falls Railway Museum, Movieland Wax Museum, Rock Legends Wax Museum and others. Have a nice time!
Niagara Falls hotels reservation Reservation of hotels at Niagara Falls
www.bb72.com online hotel reservation.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_469697_29.html Read More ..
Black Gold
Author: Beth Hager
.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 2008–3021
April 2008
National Assessment of Oil and Gas Fact Sheet
Assessment of Undiscovered Oil Resources in the Devonian-Mississippian Bakken Formation, Williston Basin Province, Montana and North Dakota, 2008
Printed on recycled paper
Introduction
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) completed an assessment
of the undiscovered oil and associated gas resources of the Upper Devonian–Lower Mississippian Bakken Formation in the U.S. portion of the Williston Basin of Montana and North Dakota and within the Williston Basin Province (fig. 1). The assessment is based on geologic elements of a total petroleum system (TPS) that include (1) source-rock distribution, thickness,
organic richness, maturation, petroleum generation, and migration; (2) reservoir-rock type (conventional or continuous), distribution, and quality; and (3) character of traps and time of formation with respect to petroleum generation and migration.
Detailed framework studies in stratigraphy and structural geology and the modeling of petroleum geochemistry, combined with historical exploration and production analyses, were used to aid in the estimation of the undiscovered, technically recoverable
oil and associated gas resources of the Bakken Formation in the United States. Using this framework, the USGS defined a Bakken-Lodgepole TPS (fig. 1) and seven assessment units (AU) within the TPS. For the Bakken Formation, the undiscovered oil and associated gas resources within six of these assessment units were quantitatively estimated (fig. 2, table 1). A conventional AU within the Lodgepole Formation was not assessed.
Bakken Formation and Bakken-Lodgepole Total Petroleum System
The Upper Devonian–Lower Mississippian Bakken Formation
is a thin but widespread unit within the central and deeper portions of the Williston Basin in Montana, North Dakota, and the Canadian Provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba. The formation
consists of three members: (1) lower shale member, (2) middle sandstone member, and (3) upper shale member. Each succeeding
member is of greater geographic extent than the underlying member. Both the upper and lower shale members are organic-rich marine shale of fairly consistent lithology; they are the petroleum source rocks and part of the continuous reservoir for hydrocarbons produced from the Bakken Formation. The middle sandstone member varies in thickness, lithology, and petrophysical properties, and local development of matrix porosity enhances oil production in both continuous and conventional Bakken reservoirs. Within
Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated mean undiscovered volumes of 3.65 billion barrels of oil, 1.85 trillion cubic feet of associated/dissolved natural gas, and 148 million barrels of natural gas liquids in the Bakken Formation of the Williston Basin Province, Montana and North Dakota.the Bakken-Lodgepole TPS, the upper and lower shale members of the Bakken Formation are also the source for oil produced from reservoirs of the Mississippian Lodgepole Formation.
Geologic Model and Assessment Units
The geologic model used to define AUs and to assess the Bakken Formation resources generally involves thermal maturity of the Bakken shale source rocks, petrophysical character of the middle sandstone member, and structural complexity of the basin. Most important to the Bakken-Lodgepole TPS and the continuous
AUs within it are (1) the geographic extent of the Bakken Formation oil generation window (fig. 2), (2) the occurrence and distribution of vertical and horizontal fractures, and (3) the matrix porosity within the middle sandstone member. The area of the oil generation window for the Bakken continuous reservoir was determined by contouring both hydrogen index and well-log
resistivity values of the upper shale member, which is youngest and of greatest areal extent.
The area of the oil generation window for the Bakken
Formation was divided into five continuous AUs: (1) Elm
Coulee–Billings Nose AU, (2) Central Basin–Poplar Dome AU,
(3) Nesson–Little Knife Structural AU, (4) Eastern Expulsion Threshold AU, and (5) Northwest Expulsion Threshold AU. A sixth hypothetical conventional AU, a Middle Sandstone Member AU, was defined external to the area of oil generation.But what about Gold,I know that Oil is Black Gold,But what about Gold itself. Just ClickHere to find out about the Real Gold.
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.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 2008–3021
April 2008
National Assessment of Oil and Gas Fact Sheet
Assessment of Undiscovered Oil Resources in the Devonian-Mississippian Bakken Formation, Williston Basin Province, Montana and North Dakota, 2008
Printed on recycled paper
Introduction
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) completed an assessment
of the undiscovered oil and associated gas resources of the Upper Devonian–Lower Mississippian Bakken Formation in the U.S. portion of the Williston Basin of Montana and North Dakota and within the Williston Basin Province (fig. 1). The assessment is based on geologic elements of a total petroleum system (TPS) that include (1) source-rock distribution, thickness,
organic richness, maturation, petroleum generation, and migration; (2) reservoir-rock type (conventional or continuous), distribution, and quality; and (3) character of traps and time of formation with respect to petroleum generation and migration.
Detailed framework studies in stratigraphy and structural geology and the modeling of petroleum geochemistry, combined with historical exploration and production analyses, were used to aid in the estimation of the undiscovered, technically recoverable
oil and associated gas resources of the Bakken Formation in the United States. Using this framework, the USGS defined a Bakken-Lodgepole TPS (fig. 1) and seven assessment units (AU) within the TPS. For the Bakken Formation, the undiscovered oil and associated gas resources within six of these assessment units were quantitatively estimated (fig. 2, table 1). A conventional AU within the Lodgepole Formation was not assessed.
Bakken Formation and Bakken-Lodgepole Total Petroleum System
The Upper Devonian–Lower Mississippian Bakken Formation
is a thin but widespread unit within the central and deeper portions of the Williston Basin in Montana, North Dakota, and the Canadian Provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba. The formation
consists of three members: (1) lower shale member, (2) middle sandstone member, and (3) upper shale member. Each succeeding
member is of greater geographic extent than the underlying member. Both the upper and lower shale members are organic-rich marine shale of fairly consistent lithology; they are the petroleum source rocks and part of the continuous reservoir for hydrocarbons produced from the Bakken Formation. The middle sandstone member varies in thickness, lithology, and petrophysical properties, and local development of matrix porosity enhances oil production in both continuous and conventional Bakken reservoirs. Within
Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated mean undiscovered volumes of 3.65 billion barrels of oil, 1.85 trillion cubic feet of associated/dissolved natural gas, and 148 million barrels of natural gas liquids in the Bakken Formation of the Williston Basin Province, Montana and North Dakota.the Bakken-Lodgepole TPS, the upper and lower shale members of the Bakken Formation are also the source for oil produced from reservoirs of the Mississippian Lodgepole Formation.
Geologic Model and Assessment Units
The geologic model used to define AUs and to assess the Bakken Formation resources generally involves thermal maturity of the Bakken shale source rocks, petrophysical character of the middle sandstone member, and structural complexity of the basin. Most important to the Bakken-Lodgepole TPS and the continuous
AUs within it are (1) the geographic extent of the Bakken Formation oil generation window (fig. 2), (2) the occurrence and distribution of vertical and horizontal fractures, and (3) the matrix porosity within the middle sandstone member. The area of the oil generation window for the Bakken continuous reservoir was determined by contouring both hydrogen index and well-log
resistivity values of the upper shale member, which is youngest and of greatest areal extent.
The area of the oil generation window for the Bakken
Formation was divided into five continuous AUs: (1) Elm
Coulee–Billings Nose AU, (2) Central Basin–Poplar Dome AU,
(3) Nesson–Little Knife Structural AU, (4) Eastern Expulsion Threshold AU, and (5) Northwest Expulsion Threshold AU. A sixth hypothetical conventional AU, a Middle Sandstone Member AU, was defined external to the area of oil generation.But what about Gold,I know that Oil is Black Gold,But what about Gold itself. Just ClickHere to find out about the Real Gold.
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Earth Science … Get Your Child More Involved In the World Around Them
Author: Tired Dad Of Four
Science is a fascinating subject for any age because of how applicable the concepts are to our everyday life. There are several different categories associated with science including, earth science, life science, and physical science. We will be speaking specifically about earth science for now. Earth science deals with the many different processes that take place on our planet. Earth science is inescapable and ever-present (which is part of its appeal in many cases). Below are some examples of specialties that deal with earth science. You will find brief definitions as well as some of the sub-disciplines that are part of that area of study.
Geology – Geology describes the land or rocky parts of the Earth's crust and its development over time. Major sub-disciplines include: mineralogy and petrology, geochemistry, geomorphology, paleontology, stratigraphy, engineering geology and sedimentology.
Geodesy and Geophysics – these disciplines investigate the figure of the Earth. More specifically this means the study of the earth’s reaction to forces and its potential fields that involve both magnetism and gravity. Geophysicists explore the science deep inside the Earth's core and mantle.
Soil science – Soil is considered the outermost layer of the Earth's crust. A soil scientist investigates the formation processes of the soil. Major sub-disciplines include: edaphology and pedology.
Oceanography and Hydrology – Geology describes the land and oceanography describes the ocean. This includes all marine and freshwater parts of the Earth. Major sub-disciplines include: hydrogeology and physical, chemical, and biological oceanography.
Glaciology – If you know what a glacier is you can probably guess what a Glaciologist would study (here’s a hint: the icy parts of the Earth).
Atmospheric sciences – Earth is more than just land and sea, it is the parts that we don’t see as well. Atmospheric sciences cover investigation of the gaseous parts (a.k.a. the atmosphere) of the Earth. Major sub-disciplines are Meteorology, Climatology and Agronomy.
So you see that there is no where you can go on earth to escape science. It is in the ground that we walk on, in the water we swim in, and in the air that we breathe. Who wouldn’t want to know more about earth sciences?!
Earth sciences are not only interesting but they can be beautiful too. You can get your child more involved in earth sciences by showing him the beauty of nature. Whether your child’s interests lie with finding shinny rocks or mountain biking, there are ways to apply science to the things that they love to do outdoors.
Just Science Projects is a great source for ideas about science activities and experiments for kids . Whether you're looking to teach a child to learn to analyze from science experiments , science projects, or science fair ideas make it great fun. Visit JustScienceProjects.com or call us at 206-498-6502.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_177875_27.html
About the Author: Read More ..
Science is a fascinating subject for any age because of how applicable the concepts are to our everyday life. There are several different categories associated with science including, earth science, life science, and physical science. We will be speaking specifically about earth science for now. Earth science deals with the many different processes that take place on our planet. Earth science is inescapable and ever-present (which is part of its appeal in many cases). Below are some examples of specialties that deal with earth science. You will find brief definitions as well as some of the sub-disciplines that are part of that area of study.
Geology – Geology describes the land or rocky parts of the Earth's crust and its development over time. Major sub-disciplines include: mineralogy and petrology, geochemistry, geomorphology, paleontology, stratigraphy, engineering geology and sedimentology.
Geodesy and Geophysics – these disciplines investigate the figure of the Earth. More specifically this means the study of the earth’s reaction to forces and its potential fields that involve both magnetism and gravity. Geophysicists explore the science deep inside the Earth's core and mantle.
Soil science – Soil is considered the outermost layer of the Earth's crust. A soil scientist investigates the formation processes of the soil. Major sub-disciplines include: edaphology and pedology.
Oceanography and Hydrology – Geology describes the land and oceanography describes the ocean. This includes all marine and freshwater parts of the Earth. Major sub-disciplines include: hydrogeology and physical, chemical, and biological oceanography.
Glaciology – If you know what a glacier is you can probably guess what a Glaciologist would study (here’s a hint: the icy parts of the Earth).
Atmospheric sciences – Earth is more than just land and sea, it is the parts that we don’t see as well. Atmospheric sciences cover investigation of the gaseous parts (a.k.a. the atmosphere) of the Earth. Major sub-disciplines are Meteorology, Climatology and Agronomy.
So you see that there is no where you can go on earth to escape science. It is in the ground that we walk on, in the water we swim in, and in the air that we breathe. Who wouldn’t want to know more about earth sciences?!
Earth sciences are not only interesting but they can be beautiful too. You can get your child more involved in earth sciences by showing him the beauty of nature. Whether your child’s interests lie with finding shinny rocks or mountain biking, there are ways to apply science to the things that they love to do outdoors.
Just Science Projects is a great source for ideas about science activities and experiments for kids . Whether you're looking to teach a child to learn to analyze from science experiments , science projects, or science fair ideas make it great fun. Visit JustScienceProjects.com or call us at 206-498-6502.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_177875_27.html
About the Author: Read More ..
ISL Uranium Extraction and Processing
Author: James Finch
During ISL mining, water is pumped to the surface from production wells that contain uranium in very low concentrations, on the order of parts per million concentrations. The next step in the ISL process is to extract the uranium dicarbonate. Extraction is done by chemically exchanging ions inside a processing facility. "The ion exchange process is very analogous to a home Culligan� water softener," Anthony revealed. "It removes hardness or calcium from the water by replacing it with sodium, using ion exchange resins. If you go to Lowe's or Home Depot, and buy a water softener, you basically have a home version of a uranium extraction plant." The main difference is your water softener will have a cation exchanger. "For a uranium plant to function properly, you need to use an anion exchange resin, which is specifically designed to load uranium," Anthony clarified.
And what is this magical "ion exchange resin"? The resin is comprised of little polymer beads, which are charged particles having an affinity for uranium anions. "There are literally millions of these small resin beads in a vessel, which can adsorb low concentration of uranium in solution," said Anthony. Adsorption is when something is attracted to something else or clings to it, like static electricity.
Why do you have to process uranium like this? "In essence, the ion exchange process is a beneficiation (reduction) process that concentrates large volumes of low concentrate uranium solution into a much smaller volume containing a much higher concentration of uranium," said Anthony. In other words, the beneficiation is just concentrating the uranium from the large volume of water in which it is mined into a more compact form. The preferred means is through an ion exchange.
Anthony gave a real-life example of the beneficiation process, "Three million gallons of wellfield solution containing dilute concentrations of uranium, of 100 parts per million minus 0.10 grams/liter, is passed through a bed of ion exchange resin. This might take 24 hours to achieve if the solution is flowing at 2,500 gallons per minute. After this length of time, the resin becomes loaded with approximately 2,500 pounds of uranium."
STRIPPING THE URANIUM
Stripping the uranium is called the elution process. This is done through a chemical exchange of positively and negatively charged ions. Resins are classified by the charge on the active sites. "The active sites on the resin are positively charged for anion resins and negatively charged for cation resins," Norris enlightened us. "The resin's ability to extract chemical ions from a solution is derived from what's called an active site," he continued. "In our case, chloride ions obtained from ordinary tale salt are used to stabilize or temporarily neutralize this positively charged active site." The negatively charged chloride ion sticks to the positively charged site, held in place by what Norris called "electrostatic forces." When the negatively charged ions, such as uranyl dicarbonate, are placed in contact with the solution, it will kick off the chloride and replace that with the uranyl dicarbonate.
That was the chemistry lesson. Anthony summed it up in a nutshell, "They just displace it. There's a greater affinity for the chloride ion to the resin than there is for the uranium. So, the uranium is stripped from the resin bed." The processing facility chemically strips the loaded uranium from the resin by soaking the entire package of uranium-laden resin in a salt bath solution. "The volume of salt solution is on the order of 10,000 gallons resulting in a solution concentration of 30 grams/liter uranium," Anthony said, describing the process of how the uranium becomes concentrated. "The stripped uranium solution concentration is magnified 300 times more than the wellfield solution," he informed us. "The concentration level can now be economically processed for recovery: precipitation, dewatering, drying and drumming for a nuclear facility."
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_61644_19.html
About the Author: James Finch is a contributing editor for StockInterview.com and other publications. http://www.stockinterview.com
http://www.stockinterview.com Read More ..
During ISL mining, water is pumped to the surface from production wells that contain uranium in very low concentrations, on the order of parts per million concentrations. The next step in the ISL process is to extract the uranium dicarbonate. Extraction is done by chemically exchanging ions inside a processing facility. "The ion exchange process is very analogous to a home Culligan� water softener," Anthony revealed. "It removes hardness or calcium from the water by replacing it with sodium, using ion exchange resins. If you go to Lowe's or Home Depot, and buy a water softener, you basically have a home version of a uranium extraction plant." The main difference is your water softener will have a cation exchanger. "For a uranium plant to function properly, you need to use an anion exchange resin, which is specifically designed to load uranium," Anthony clarified.
And what is this magical "ion exchange resin"? The resin is comprised of little polymer beads, which are charged particles having an affinity for uranium anions. "There are literally millions of these small resin beads in a vessel, which can adsorb low concentration of uranium in solution," said Anthony. Adsorption is when something is attracted to something else or clings to it, like static electricity.
Why do you have to process uranium like this? "In essence, the ion exchange process is a beneficiation (reduction) process that concentrates large volumes of low concentrate uranium solution into a much smaller volume containing a much higher concentration of uranium," said Anthony. In other words, the beneficiation is just concentrating the uranium from the large volume of water in which it is mined into a more compact form. The preferred means is through an ion exchange.
Anthony gave a real-life example of the beneficiation process, "Three million gallons of wellfield solution containing dilute concentrations of uranium, of 100 parts per million minus 0.10 grams/liter, is passed through a bed of ion exchange resin. This might take 24 hours to achieve if the solution is flowing at 2,500 gallons per minute. After this length of time, the resin becomes loaded with approximately 2,500 pounds of uranium."
STRIPPING THE URANIUM
Stripping the uranium is called the elution process. This is done through a chemical exchange of positively and negatively charged ions. Resins are classified by the charge on the active sites. "The active sites on the resin are positively charged for anion resins and negatively charged for cation resins," Norris enlightened us. "The resin's ability to extract chemical ions from a solution is derived from what's called an active site," he continued. "In our case, chloride ions obtained from ordinary tale salt are used to stabilize or temporarily neutralize this positively charged active site." The negatively charged chloride ion sticks to the positively charged site, held in place by what Norris called "electrostatic forces." When the negatively charged ions, such as uranyl dicarbonate, are placed in contact with the solution, it will kick off the chloride and replace that with the uranyl dicarbonate.
That was the chemistry lesson. Anthony summed it up in a nutshell, "They just displace it. There's a greater affinity for the chloride ion to the resin than there is for the uranium. So, the uranium is stripped from the resin bed." The processing facility chemically strips the loaded uranium from the resin by soaking the entire package of uranium-laden resin in a salt bath solution. "The volume of salt solution is on the order of 10,000 gallons resulting in a solution concentration of 30 grams/liter uranium," Anthony said, describing the process of how the uranium becomes concentrated. "The stripped uranium solution concentration is magnified 300 times more than the wellfield solution," he informed us. "The concentration level can now be economically processed for recovery: precipitation, dewatering, drying and drumming for a nuclear facility."
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_61644_19.html
About the Author: James Finch is a contributing editor for StockInterview.com and other publications. http://www.stockinterview.com
http://www.stockinterview.com Read More ..
Offshore Oil Rig Jobs: The New Hot Job For This Decade
Author: Calvin
Offshore oil rig jobs are the hot new jobs for this coming decade, bumping IT and finance from their perch. These are some of the jobs in the upstream oil industry, where you look for oil and drill for it. Then there is the midstream, where you refine and transport the oil. Finally, there are the downstream oil jobs, where you sell and distribute the finished product.
Upstream is where both the greatest demand and the greatest competition lies. Most of these jobs are international and require a lot of travel. Employees here often work in Alaska, the Arctic, Canada and the Middle East. The people on the really sharp end are the geologists who look for oil and the people who support them, doing seismic testing and test drilling. Should you try to get in here? This is a judgement call. If you started a university degree with the related qualifications 2 to 5 years ago, you would be in a very good position. Many of the oil company staff here would be in their 50s and 60s, some of them recalled from retirement. If you start today, you'll get your degree in 3 to 5 years time. Demand for a geologist would probably not be as strong. If you have started your geology degree, this is a good time to get the specializations you need to branch into this line of work.
A better choice for someone starting out is to get an offshore oil rig job as a roughneck or roustabout. While you are technically a laborer, your salary is better than many managers (unless they work for a tobacco company). Let your high school peers enjoy their better-sounding titles. You get to laugh all the way to the bank. In addition, if you show the right attitude and skills, you can work your way up the hierarchy from roustabout all the way up to dereckman, driller and oil rig manager. Whether or not you make it to oil rig manager, do remember history. Oil prices will eventually drop again after about 1 decade. Save some of your salary and use it to build your nest egg. Don't blow all your salary on beer and cigarettes and living the high life. Make sure you can retire when the oil boom ends.
Another good choice is to get a good trade skill like electrician, mechanic, medic or cook. These are some of the support positions also needed on an oil rig. You don't get labeled as a laborer, but you still get a good salary and excellent benefits. For spending 6 months every year in the middle of nowhere, you get more pay than your peer working on land. It is still a pretty good deal. In addition, when the oil market bubble bursts again, you have your trade skills to get by.
Even without the specialized skills of the driller, you can still get offshore oil rig jobs. You can work your way up from roustabout, or you can get in through a tradeskill in a support position.
Are you looking for offshore oil rig jobs? Click here to learn how RigWorker.com can help you to quickly and easily find offshore oil rig jobs.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_599279_36.html Read More ..
Offshore oil rig jobs are the hot new jobs for this coming decade, bumping IT and finance from their perch. These are some of the jobs in the upstream oil industry, where you look for oil and drill for it. Then there is the midstream, where you refine and transport the oil. Finally, there are the downstream oil jobs, where you sell and distribute the finished product.
Upstream is where both the greatest demand and the greatest competition lies. Most of these jobs are international and require a lot of travel. Employees here often work in Alaska, the Arctic, Canada and the Middle East. The people on the really sharp end are the geologists who look for oil and the people who support them, doing seismic testing and test drilling. Should you try to get in here? This is a judgement call. If you started a university degree with the related qualifications 2 to 5 years ago, you would be in a very good position. Many of the oil company staff here would be in their 50s and 60s, some of them recalled from retirement. If you start today, you'll get your degree in 3 to 5 years time. Demand for a geologist would probably not be as strong. If you have started your geology degree, this is a good time to get the specializations you need to branch into this line of work.
A better choice for someone starting out is to get an offshore oil rig job as a roughneck or roustabout. While you are technically a laborer, your salary is better than many managers (unless they work for a tobacco company). Let your high school peers enjoy their better-sounding titles. You get to laugh all the way to the bank. In addition, if you show the right attitude and skills, you can work your way up the hierarchy from roustabout all the way up to dereckman, driller and oil rig manager. Whether or not you make it to oil rig manager, do remember history. Oil prices will eventually drop again after about 1 decade. Save some of your salary and use it to build your nest egg. Don't blow all your salary on beer and cigarettes and living the high life. Make sure you can retire when the oil boom ends.
Another good choice is to get a good trade skill like electrician, mechanic, medic or cook. These are some of the support positions also needed on an oil rig. You don't get labeled as a laborer, but you still get a good salary and excellent benefits. For spending 6 months every year in the middle of nowhere, you get more pay than your peer working on land. It is still a pretty good deal. In addition, when the oil market bubble bursts again, you have your trade skills to get by.
Even without the specialized skills of the driller, you can still get offshore oil rig jobs. You can work your way up from roustabout, or you can get in through a tradeskill in a support position.
Are you looking for offshore oil rig jobs? Click here to learn how RigWorker.com can help you to quickly and easily find offshore oil rig jobs.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_599279_36.html Read More ..
Drilling Rig Jobs: Is Earning $100,000 Per Annum Too Good To Be True?
Author: Calvin
Like anything which involves money, employment and greed, drilling rig jobs is subject to scams. A trick used by fake offshore employment web-sites is to post oilfield job vacancies with very high salaries. How is a job seeker to know if a web-site or job is real or fake? One way is to learn what are the typical rig employment salaries.
Obviously, a job posted on Shell's web-site is not a scam. Unfortunately, most jobs posted on oil company web-sites tend to be high level executive positions, for example country managers. Most entry level jobs in the oil field are found with oil contractors and oil services companies, who post their jobs through job agencies and third party job web-sites.
You may think that going to a reputable site like Monster will guarantee that the job is real. However, experienced job seekers can tell you that quite a few disreputable job agencies also trawl these large job boards to pick up desperate job seekers. While these are not outright scams, an unwary job seeker could find himself giving up half of his first month's salary as a fee to some dishonest job agencies.
Here are some rig employment salary statistics from Canada, reported in 2006. This means the data was gathered around 2003-2005:
Toolpusher (who leads the management crew on the oil rig) earns $110,000
Managers (in the head office) earn up to $170,000
Entry level roustabouts earn $55,000
Painters earn $58,000
Mud engineers earn in excess of $70,000
Ditto medics - $70,000
Radio operators - $60,000
Derickman - $65,000
Driller - $85,000
Assistant driller - $70,000
Cooks and bakers - $60,000
So, is $100,000 per year for drilling rig jobs too good to be true? That depends on the position. In February 2008, the Wall Street Journal reported that fresh petroleum engineering graduates can easily earn in excess of $100,000 not including perks and signing bonuses. Compare this to 2003, when the starting salary was $55,000. The same goes for geology graduates, reported the American Association of Petroleum Geologists in April 2008.
As you can see, in just 5 years the salaries for some positions have nearly doubled. Why? Part of the answer lies in the rise of the Indian and Chinese economies, where 2.5 billion people are finally growing in prosperity and need more oil. Another part of the answer lies in too many years of under-investment in oil rigs and workers. Too many of today's experienced oil rig workers were hired in the 1970s, and will be starting to retire in a few more years, just when many new oil rigs are becoming operational. For example, Noble Corporation is bringing 5 new oil rigs to production in the next 2 years, and will need 1500 vacancies filled.
A medium sized agency specializing in oil employment could have up to 1000 job postings in their database, with maybe 20 new drilling rig jobs offered everyday. Despite salaries which are higher than what you can normally earn in jobs outside the oil field, there is high turnover rate of workers. Life on the oil rigs and oil fields is tough, and many new workers just cannot handle it. This is especially the case for married workers, who find the 2 weeks on and 2 weeks off schedule very difficult on their marriages.
For the next decade, salaries for drilling rig jobs will remain high. In the past century, experience has shown that commodities operate on a 15 to 20 year cycle, so rig employment is unlikely to drop until 2020. This is a good time for new hires to get their foot in the door of the lucrative oil industry.
Are you looking for an drilling rig jobs? Click here to learn how RigWorker can help you to quickly and easily find an drilling rig jobs.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_664943_36.html Read More ..
Like anything which involves money, employment and greed, drilling rig jobs is subject to scams. A trick used by fake offshore employment web-sites is to post oilfield job vacancies with very high salaries. How is a job seeker to know if a web-site or job is real or fake? One way is to learn what are the typical rig employment salaries.
Obviously, a job posted on Shell's web-site is not a scam. Unfortunately, most jobs posted on oil company web-sites tend to be high level executive positions, for example country managers. Most entry level jobs in the oil field are found with oil contractors and oil services companies, who post their jobs through job agencies and third party job web-sites.
You may think that going to a reputable site like Monster will guarantee that the job is real. However, experienced job seekers can tell you that quite a few disreputable job agencies also trawl these large job boards to pick up desperate job seekers. While these are not outright scams, an unwary job seeker could find himself giving up half of his first month's salary as a fee to some dishonest job agencies.
Here are some rig employment salary statistics from Canada, reported in 2006. This means the data was gathered around 2003-2005:
Toolpusher (who leads the management crew on the oil rig) earns $110,000
Managers (in the head office) earn up to $170,000
Entry level roustabouts earn $55,000
Painters earn $58,000
Mud engineers earn in excess of $70,000
Ditto medics - $70,000
Radio operators - $60,000
Derickman - $65,000
Driller - $85,000
Assistant driller - $70,000
Cooks and bakers - $60,000
So, is $100,000 per year for drilling rig jobs too good to be true? That depends on the position. In February 2008, the Wall Street Journal reported that fresh petroleum engineering graduates can easily earn in excess of $100,000 not including perks and signing bonuses. Compare this to 2003, when the starting salary was $55,000. The same goes for geology graduates, reported the American Association of Petroleum Geologists in April 2008.
As you can see, in just 5 years the salaries for some positions have nearly doubled. Why? Part of the answer lies in the rise of the Indian and Chinese economies, where 2.5 billion people are finally growing in prosperity and need more oil. Another part of the answer lies in too many years of under-investment in oil rigs and workers. Too many of today's experienced oil rig workers were hired in the 1970s, and will be starting to retire in a few more years, just when many new oil rigs are becoming operational. For example, Noble Corporation is bringing 5 new oil rigs to production in the next 2 years, and will need 1500 vacancies filled.
A medium sized agency specializing in oil employment could have up to 1000 job postings in their database, with maybe 20 new drilling rig jobs offered everyday. Despite salaries which are higher than what you can normally earn in jobs outside the oil field, there is high turnover rate of workers. Life on the oil rigs and oil fields is tough, and many new workers just cannot handle it. This is especially the case for married workers, who find the 2 weeks on and 2 weeks off schedule very difficult on their marriages.
For the next decade, salaries for drilling rig jobs will remain high. In the past century, experience has shown that commodities operate on a 15 to 20 year cycle, so rig employment is unlikely to drop until 2020. This is a good time for new hires to get their foot in the door of the lucrative oil industry.
Are you looking for an drilling rig jobs? Click here to learn how RigWorker can help you to quickly and easily find an drilling rig jobs.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_664943_36.html Read More ..
Oil Traps
Author: Mickey Horn
When companies drill for oil, they are looking for oil traps. Oil seeps up through rocks and collects inside the ground, forming an oil trap. This seepage is called migration. Oil originates in a source rock and migrates through the layers. Shale is the most typical type of impermeable rock that traps oil. It has a lot of kerogen, which is basically solid organic matter. Kerogen is altered by heat and pressure from the earth. The deeper a shale rock or rock layer is buried, the more pressure and heat it withstands. Oil and gas are squeezed out and begin to migrate. They are able to migrate through permeable rock and cracks. Permeable rocks like sandstone and limestone have loosely packed grains that oil can travel through. Oil doesn’t mix with water, so oil is pushed up by water in the ground. It eventually gets trapped in a pool underground when it encounters an impermeable rock layer, also known as trap rock or a cap rock.
There are four major kinds of oil traps that occur inside the earth. The first is an anticline trap. Companies looking for oil deposits can start from the sky. Anticline traps are usually along long oval domes of land that can be seen from above or on geological maps. An anticline is a place where layers, or strata, of rock have been pushed up into an arch. The movement of the earth’s crust pushes up on the surface and creates high pressure at the arches. If there is an impermeable rock layer, then oil and natural gas can be trapped there. Anticline traps hold most of the world’s oil.
The next type of trap is called a fault trap. A fault is a place in the earth’s crust where layers of rock slide up against each other. These layers can contain permeable and impermeable rock. If oil is migrating through the impermeable rock and the layers begin sliding up or down against each other, then the migrating oil can be cut off by an impermeable layer and trapped against the fault. This is what we refer to as a fault trap.
The anticline trap and the fault trap are generally formed by the earth’s layers moving. The next type is called a salt trap and is created in a little different kind of way. Masses of salt form underground and are pushed up by pressure inside the earth to form a salt dome. The salt dome breaks through and pushes layers of rock aside as it rises to the surface. When it crosses layers of permeable rock, it blocks the path of the migrating oil, much like a fault would, and causes the oil to accumulate up against the pillar of salt.
Pinch-out traps are formed by variations in the rock layers themselves. Types of stratigraphic traps, pinch-outs are almost always formed in stream beds. Basically, it’s where sand, which is permeable, gets trapped in layers of impermeable rock, such as shale and siltstone.
Rock layer knowledge is very important to oil prospectors today. Supporting our modern world, which is dependant on oil, requires an extensive knowledge of geology and an on-going study of our earth and its layers.
About the Author: Mickey Horn is the Executive VP of Investor Relations of Western Pipeline Corporation. Western Pipeline Corp specializes in identifying, acquiring and developing existing, producing reserves on behalf of its individual clients.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_223899_22.html
About the Author:
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When companies drill for oil, they are looking for oil traps. Oil seeps up through rocks and collects inside the ground, forming an oil trap. This seepage is called migration. Oil originates in a source rock and migrates through the layers. Shale is the most typical type of impermeable rock that traps oil. It has a lot of kerogen, which is basically solid organic matter. Kerogen is altered by heat and pressure from the earth. The deeper a shale rock or rock layer is buried, the more pressure and heat it withstands. Oil and gas are squeezed out and begin to migrate. They are able to migrate through permeable rock and cracks. Permeable rocks like sandstone and limestone have loosely packed grains that oil can travel through. Oil doesn’t mix with water, so oil is pushed up by water in the ground. It eventually gets trapped in a pool underground when it encounters an impermeable rock layer, also known as trap rock or a cap rock.
There are four major kinds of oil traps that occur inside the earth. The first is an anticline trap. Companies looking for oil deposits can start from the sky. Anticline traps are usually along long oval domes of land that can be seen from above or on geological maps. An anticline is a place where layers, or strata, of rock have been pushed up into an arch. The movement of the earth’s crust pushes up on the surface and creates high pressure at the arches. If there is an impermeable rock layer, then oil and natural gas can be trapped there. Anticline traps hold most of the world’s oil.
The next type of trap is called a fault trap. A fault is a place in the earth’s crust where layers of rock slide up against each other. These layers can contain permeable and impermeable rock. If oil is migrating through the impermeable rock and the layers begin sliding up or down against each other, then the migrating oil can be cut off by an impermeable layer and trapped against the fault. This is what we refer to as a fault trap.
The anticline trap and the fault trap are generally formed by the earth’s layers moving. The next type is called a salt trap and is created in a little different kind of way. Masses of salt form underground and are pushed up by pressure inside the earth to form a salt dome. The salt dome breaks through and pushes layers of rock aside as it rises to the surface. When it crosses layers of permeable rock, it blocks the path of the migrating oil, much like a fault would, and causes the oil to accumulate up against the pillar of salt.
Pinch-out traps are formed by variations in the rock layers themselves. Types of stratigraphic traps, pinch-outs are almost always formed in stream beds. Basically, it’s where sand, which is permeable, gets trapped in layers of impermeable rock, such as shale and siltstone.
Rock layer knowledge is very important to oil prospectors today. Supporting our modern world, which is dependant on oil, requires an extensive knowledge of geology and an on-going study of our earth and its layers.
About the Author: Mickey Horn is the Executive VP of Investor Relations of Western Pipeline Corporation. Western Pipeline Corp specializes in identifying, acquiring and developing existing, producing reserves on behalf of its individual clients.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_223899_22.html
About the Author:
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The Geology Of Kilimanjaro
Author: Robert Palmer
Kilimanjaro lies on a tectonic line intersection 80km. east of the tectonically active Rift Valley. The activity which created this stratovolcano dates back less than a million years and the central ash pit on Kibo, the highest volcanic centre, may be only several hundred years old. Steam and sulphur fumaroles here are indicative of residual activity. Stratovolcanoes are formed when erupted ash and cinders mix with lava flows and cool to produce a steep conical formation. These types of volcanoes usually take tens of thousands of years to materialize and may consist of a number of lava forms including dacite, basalt and andesite to name but a few.
On the Marangu Route you will more than likely come across a number of small cone shaped hills. These are known as 'parasitic cones' and are quite simply formations that are the product of offshoots of the main lava flow. In the event that you elect to do the optional Saddle Walk, you will pass a cliff face that appears to be stained with black and white stripes. Entitled Zebra Rock, this unusually patterned formation is the result of mineral rich rain water flowing down from the rocks above and streaking the almost black lava cliff white in places.
The formations on Kilimanjaro are not limited to volcanic rock alone, but also include incredibly impressive glacial configurations. While the sheets of ice on the mountain reflect the sun's rays from above, typical Weather Patterns on the mountain ensure the heat from the ground melts the ice from below, resulting in the formation of intricate undercuts and overhangs.
Thousands of years ago, whole sheets of ice covered the mountain all the way down to almost 3000 feet. Today they can be seen only near the peak, and scientist predict that sadly within the next 15 years the snow cap may just disappear completely, confining the sight of the Great White Mountain to the pages of literature and the memories of those lucky enough to see it in it's glory.
Shira and Mawenzi were two other areas of volcanic activity. Both became inactive before Kibo. The Shira volcanic cone collapsed leaving the Shira Ridge as part of its Caldera Rim. Mawenzi has been heavily eroded to leave a mass of steep-sided ridges and summits, particularly dramatic on the infrequently-seen eastern side.
Kibo is the best preserved centre; it has three concentric craters and the outer crater rim rises to Uhuru Point - the chief summit. The middle, Reusch crater contains the main fumaroles and in its centre the 130m deep and 400m wide Ash Pit. The outer crater has been breached by lava flows in several places, the most dramatic of these being the Western Breach.
The ash and lava covered slopes of Kibo are mainly gentle-angled from the steep, glaciated precipices which defend its southern and south-western flanks. The impressive rock walls on Kilimanjaro and Mawenzi are generally composed of lavas and ashes.
Deep gorges (barrancos) have been carved into the soft rocks and ashes of Kilimanjaro. The most impressive of these is the Great Barranco below the Western Breach and the two Barrancos on the east side of Mawenzi.
Numerous parasitic cones extend east-west across Kilimanjaro; some are located near the Mandara Hut (Maundi Crater offers a fine view point), while others lie just north of the Shira Route.
At one stage most of the summit of Kilimanjaro was covered by an ice cap, probably more than 100 metres deep. Glaciers extended well down the mountain forming moraine ridges, clearly visible now on the southern flanks down to about 4000m. At present only a small fraction of the glacial cover remains.
The remnants of the ice cap can be seen as the spectacular ice cliffs of the Northern and Eastern Icefields, and the longest glaciers are found on the precipitous southern and south-western flanks. If the present rate of recession continues the majority of the glaciers on Kilimanjaro could vanish altogether in the next 50 years.
For more information on climbing Kilimanjaro or visiting Tanzania's mountains click Climb Kilimanjaro with Mountain Kingdom Safaris
--
Roy J Hinde M.Sc. is a former research scientist who now is a director of Wild Things Safaris Ltd and runs the marketing for MK safaris Climb Kilimanjaro.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_888375_45.html
About the Author: Webmaster at ArticleTrader.
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Kilimanjaro lies on a tectonic line intersection 80km. east of the tectonically active Rift Valley. The activity which created this stratovolcano dates back less than a million years and the central ash pit on Kibo, the highest volcanic centre, may be only several hundred years old. Steam and sulphur fumaroles here are indicative of residual activity. Stratovolcanoes are formed when erupted ash and cinders mix with lava flows and cool to produce a steep conical formation. These types of volcanoes usually take tens of thousands of years to materialize and may consist of a number of lava forms including dacite, basalt and andesite to name but a few.
On the Marangu Route you will more than likely come across a number of small cone shaped hills. These are known as 'parasitic cones' and are quite simply formations that are the product of offshoots of the main lava flow. In the event that you elect to do the optional Saddle Walk, you will pass a cliff face that appears to be stained with black and white stripes. Entitled Zebra Rock, this unusually patterned formation is the result of mineral rich rain water flowing down from the rocks above and streaking the almost black lava cliff white in places.
The formations on Kilimanjaro are not limited to volcanic rock alone, but also include incredibly impressive glacial configurations. While the sheets of ice on the mountain reflect the sun's rays from above, typical Weather Patterns on the mountain ensure the heat from the ground melts the ice from below, resulting in the formation of intricate undercuts and overhangs.
Thousands of years ago, whole sheets of ice covered the mountain all the way down to almost 3000 feet. Today they can be seen only near the peak, and scientist predict that sadly within the next 15 years the snow cap may just disappear completely, confining the sight of the Great White Mountain to the pages of literature and the memories of those lucky enough to see it in it's glory.
Shira and Mawenzi were two other areas of volcanic activity. Both became inactive before Kibo. The Shira volcanic cone collapsed leaving the Shira Ridge as part of its Caldera Rim. Mawenzi has been heavily eroded to leave a mass of steep-sided ridges and summits, particularly dramatic on the infrequently-seen eastern side.
Kibo is the best preserved centre; it has three concentric craters and the outer crater rim rises to Uhuru Point - the chief summit. The middle, Reusch crater contains the main fumaroles and in its centre the 130m deep and 400m wide Ash Pit. The outer crater has been breached by lava flows in several places, the most dramatic of these being the Western Breach.
The ash and lava covered slopes of Kibo are mainly gentle-angled from the steep, glaciated precipices which defend its southern and south-western flanks. The impressive rock walls on Kilimanjaro and Mawenzi are generally composed of lavas and ashes.
Deep gorges (barrancos) have been carved into the soft rocks and ashes of Kilimanjaro. The most impressive of these is the Great Barranco below the Western Breach and the two Barrancos on the east side of Mawenzi.
Numerous parasitic cones extend east-west across Kilimanjaro; some are located near the Mandara Hut (Maundi Crater offers a fine view point), while others lie just north of the Shira Route.
At one stage most of the summit of Kilimanjaro was covered by an ice cap, probably more than 100 metres deep. Glaciers extended well down the mountain forming moraine ridges, clearly visible now on the southern flanks down to about 4000m. At present only a small fraction of the glacial cover remains.
The remnants of the ice cap can be seen as the spectacular ice cliffs of the Northern and Eastern Icefields, and the longest glaciers are found on the precipitous southern and south-western flanks. If the present rate of recession continues the majority of the glaciers on Kilimanjaro could vanish altogether in the next 50 years.
For more information on climbing Kilimanjaro or visiting Tanzania's mountains click Climb Kilimanjaro with Mountain Kingdom Safaris
--
Roy J Hinde M.Sc. is a former research scientist who now is a director of Wild Things Safaris Ltd and runs the marketing for MK safaris Climb Kilimanjaro.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_888375_45.html
About the Author: Webmaster at ArticleTrader.
http://www.articletrader.com/ Read More ..
Athabasca Basin Geology: World's Richest Uranium Deposit
Author: James Finch
Dr. Boen Tan and Rick Mazur of Forum Development (TSX: FDC) helped explain the geology of the uranium deposits in Canada's Athabasca Basin. They told us:
Unconformity-type uranium deposits are among the richest and largest in comparison to other uranium deposit types. Those found in the Athabasca Basin in northern Saskatchewan, Canada are unique, as they are much higher grade than other deposits of this type found elsewhere in the world. One-third of the world's uranium, with ore grades ranging from 1 percent (20 lbs. per ton) to over 20 percent (400 lbs. per ton) uranium is produced in Saskatchewan from unconformity-type deposits. For this reason, the Athabasca Basin is an attractive place to explore for uranium.
The original sources of uranium were derived from various types of basement rocks such as granites of Archean age (greater than 2 billion years old) and black shale and arkosic rocks of Proterozoic age (1.8 to 2 billion years old). Further uranium enrichment occurred 1.8 billion years ago during the Hudsonian orogeny, an event that created mountains higher than the Himalayas. Uranium mineralization containing a few hundred ppm (parts per million) to a few percent uranium were formed at this time in pegmatites and metasomatic deposits.
The Athabasca Basin is a thick accumulation of sandstone deposited around 1.7 billion years ago, during an extended period of river systems following this long period of erosion. The contact between the Athabasca sediments and the altered basement rocks is the "Unconformity" surface that marks the position where these uranium deposits were formed. During the time of deposition of the Athabasca sediments, uranium, which travels in solution under oxidizing conditions, was transported along with the sediments.
Unconformity-type uranium deposits within the Athabasca Basin were formed after the deposition of the Athabasca sediments, or "Post- Athabasca". Uranium was concentrated and mobilized via hot, percolating hydrothermal solutions (around 250 degrees Celsius or 480 degrees Fahrenheit) into "structural traps". The uranium precipitated from solution when the oxidizing solutions from the Athabasca Basin came into contact and reacted with reducing solutions from the underlying basement rocks. The Athabasca sediments and the basement rocks were also affected by alteration from these hydrothermal solutions.
There are currently three uranium mines operating in the Athabasca Basin of northern Saskatchewan. The McArthur River Mine/Key Lake Mill, operated by Cameco Corporation and AREVA is an underground operation being mined at a grade of 24% U3O8 and at a depth of approximately 500 to 650 metres. The Eagle Point Mine/Rabbit Lake Mill, operated by Cameco Corporation is an underground operation being mined at a grade of 1.3% U3O8 to a depth of 400 metres. The McClean Lake Mill, operated by AREVA, Denison and OURD is currently processing stockpiled ore from an open pit, but will be processing ore grading 19% U3O8 at a depth of 430 metres from the Cigar Lake underground mine, scheduled for production in 2007.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_61628_19.html
About the Author: James Finch is a contributing editor for StockInterview.com and other publications. http://www.stockinterview.com
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Dr. Boen Tan and Rick Mazur of Forum Development (TSX: FDC) helped explain the geology of the uranium deposits in Canada's Athabasca Basin. They told us:
Unconformity-type uranium deposits are among the richest and largest in comparison to other uranium deposit types. Those found in the Athabasca Basin in northern Saskatchewan, Canada are unique, as they are much higher grade than other deposits of this type found elsewhere in the world. One-third of the world's uranium, with ore grades ranging from 1 percent (20 lbs. per ton) to over 20 percent (400 lbs. per ton) uranium is produced in Saskatchewan from unconformity-type deposits. For this reason, the Athabasca Basin is an attractive place to explore for uranium.
The original sources of uranium were derived from various types of basement rocks such as granites of Archean age (greater than 2 billion years old) and black shale and arkosic rocks of Proterozoic age (1.8 to 2 billion years old). Further uranium enrichment occurred 1.8 billion years ago during the Hudsonian orogeny, an event that created mountains higher than the Himalayas. Uranium mineralization containing a few hundred ppm (parts per million) to a few percent uranium were formed at this time in pegmatites and metasomatic deposits.
The Athabasca Basin is a thick accumulation of sandstone deposited around 1.7 billion years ago, during an extended period of river systems following this long period of erosion. The contact between the Athabasca sediments and the altered basement rocks is the "Unconformity" surface that marks the position where these uranium deposits were formed. During the time of deposition of the Athabasca sediments, uranium, which travels in solution under oxidizing conditions, was transported along with the sediments.
Unconformity-type uranium deposits within the Athabasca Basin were formed after the deposition of the Athabasca sediments, or "Post- Athabasca". Uranium was concentrated and mobilized via hot, percolating hydrothermal solutions (around 250 degrees Celsius or 480 degrees Fahrenheit) into "structural traps". The uranium precipitated from solution when the oxidizing solutions from the Athabasca Basin came into contact and reacted with reducing solutions from the underlying basement rocks. The Athabasca sediments and the basement rocks were also affected by alteration from these hydrothermal solutions.
There are currently three uranium mines operating in the Athabasca Basin of northern Saskatchewan. The McArthur River Mine/Key Lake Mill, operated by Cameco Corporation and AREVA is an underground operation being mined at a grade of 24% U3O8 and at a depth of approximately 500 to 650 metres. The Eagle Point Mine/Rabbit Lake Mill, operated by Cameco Corporation is an underground operation being mined at a grade of 1.3% U3O8 to a depth of 400 metres. The McClean Lake Mill, operated by AREVA, Denison and OURD is currently processing stockpiled ore from an open pit, but will be processing ore grading 19% U3O8 at a depth of 430 metres from the Cigar Lake underground mine, scheduled for production in 2007.
Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/article_61628_19.html
About the Author: James Finch is a contributing editor for StockInterview.com and other publications. http://www.stockinterview.com
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Monday, July 6, 2009
United States Geological Survey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it. The organization has four major science disciplines, concerning biology, geography, geology, and hydrology. The USGS is a fact-finding research organization with no regulatory responsibility.
A bureau of the United States Department of the Interior, it is that department's sole scientific agency. The USGS employs approximately 10,000 people and is headquartered in Reston, Virginia. The USGS also has major offices in Lakewood, Colorado (Denver Federal Center), and Menlo Park, California.
Mission
The USGS is the primary civilian mapping agency in the United States, and is best known for its 1:24,000 scale, 7.5-minute quadrangle topographic maps. Their recent program, The National Map, is an attempt to be the ultimate online mapping service for the United States. The USGS also has a vigorous Business Partners program through which they encourage the reselling of their maps so that the public can have quicker, easier access to information. Many commercial sites have capitalized on this program to provide web mapping services in conjunction with the USGS.
The USGS Earthquake Hazards Program monitors earthquake activity worldwide. The National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) in Golden, Colorado on the campus of the Colorado School of Mines detects the location and magnitude of global earthquakes. The USGS also runs or supports several regional monitoring networks in the U.S. under the umbrella of the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS). The USGS informs authorities, emergency responders, the media, and the public, both domestic and worldwide, about significant earthquakes. It also maintains long-term archives of earthquake data for scientific and engineering research. It also conducts and supports research on long-term seismic hazards.
The USGS National Geomagnetism Program monitors the magnetic field at magnetic observatories and distributes magnetometer data in real time.
The USGS operates the streamgaging network for the United States, with over 7400 streamgages. Real-time streamflow data are available online.
Since 1962, the Astrogeology Research Program has been involved in global, lunar and planetary exploration and mapping.
The USGS also operates the National Wildlife Health Center, whose mission is "to serve the nation and its natural resources by providing sound science and technical support, and to disseminate information to promote science-based decisions affecting wildlife and ecosystem health. The NWHC provides information, technical assistance, research, education, and leadership on national and international wildlife health issues."[1] It is the agency primarily responsible for surveillance of wild-animal H5N1 avian influenza outbreaks in the United States.
As of 2005, the agency is working to create a National Volcano Early Warning System by improving the instrumentation monitoring the 169 volcanoes in U.S. territory and by establishing methods for measuring the relative threats posed at each site.
In collaboration with Stanford University, the USGS also operates the USGS-Stanford Ion Microprobe Laboratory, a world-class[citation needed][2] analytical facility for U-(Th)-Pb geochronology and trace element analyses of minerals and other earth materials.
The motto of the USGS is "Science for a changing world."[3]
The USGS also runs 17 biological research centers in the United States, including the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center.
History
Prompted by a report from the National Academy of Sciences the USGS was created by an act of Congress on March 3, 1879. It was charged with the "classification of the public lands, and examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of the national domain." This task was driven by the need to inventory the vast lands added to the United States by the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.
Clarence King, the first director of USGS, assembled the new organization from disparate regional survey agencies. After a short tenure, King was succeeded in the director's chair by John Wesley Powell.
List of USGS Directors
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Geology of Antarctica
Geological history and paleontology
More than 170 million years ago, Antarctica was part of the supercontinent Gondwana. Over time Gondwana broke apart and Antarctica as we know it today was formed around 25 million years ago.Paleozoic era (540–250 Ma)
During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the northern hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea-floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. By the start of the Devonian period (416 Ma) Gondwana was in more southern latitudes and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from this time. Sand and silts were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth, Horlick and Pensacola Mountains. Glaciation began at the end of the Devonian period (360 Ma) as Gondwana became centered around the South Pole and the climate cooled, though flora remained. During the Permian period the plant life became dominated by fern-like plants such as Glossopteris, which grew in swamps. Over time these swamps became deposits of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains. Towards the end of the Permian period continued warming led to a dry, hot climate over much of Gondwana.[1]
Mesozoic era (250–65 Ma)
As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In East Antarctica the seed fern became established, and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. The Antarctic Peninsula began to form during the Jurassic period (206–146 Ma), and islands gradually rose out of the ocean. Ginkgo trees and cycads were plentiful during this period, as were reptiles such as Lystrosaurus. In West Antarctica conifer forests dominated through the entire Cretaceous period (146–65 Ma), though Southern beech began to take over at the end of this period. Ammonites were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only two Antarctic dinosaur species (Cryolophosaurus and Antarctopelta) have been described to date. It was during this period that Gondwana began to break up.
[edit] Geology of present-day Antarctica
The geological study of Antarctica has been greatly hindered by the fact that nearly all of the continent is assumedly, permanently covered with a thick layer of ice. However, new techniques such as remote sensing have begun to reveal the structures beneath the ice.
Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes of South America.[1] The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea-bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common rocks in West Antarctica are andesite and rhyolite volcanics formed during the Jurassic Period. There is also evidence of volcanic activity, even after the ice sheet had formed, in Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island. The only anomalous area of West Antarctica is the Ellsworth Mountains region, where the stratigraphy is more similar to the eastern part of the continent.
The West Antarctic Rift a major active rift valley lies between West and East Antarctica. The rift is still active with slow movement of West Antarctica away from East Antarctica.
East Antarctica is geologically very old, dating from the Precambrian era, with some rocks formed more than 3 billion years ago. It is composed of a metamorphic and igneous platform which is the basis of the continental shield. On top of this base are various more modern rocks, such as sandstones, limestones, coal and shales laid down during the Devonian and Jurassic periods to form the Transantarctic Mountains. In coastal areas such as Shackleton Range and Victoria Land some faulting has occurred.
The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable resources of Antarctica lie offshore, namely the oil and natural gas fields found in the Ross Sea in 1973. Exploitation of all mineral resources by signatory states is banned until 2048 by the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.
source : wikipedia.org Read More ..Quartz and Quartz Kitchen Countertops
By Motchka Curtis
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Quartz is one of the hardest materials on earth; actually it is the most plentiful mineral in Earth's "continental crust" and is the most abundant and common mineral found on Earth's surface. It's hardness 7 on 'Mohs scal' and comes from Sedimentary and igneous rocks Environment. The Quartz crystals are prevalently big and blameless. There are many types of Quartz with lots of colors and differences, such as Rock Crystal - which is a Colorless, transparent sort of Quartz, Rutilated Quartz - is a yellow with a shaped like a needle blinker style and Smoky Quartz - which is almost black, dark type of Quartz.
In few places in the world -the basic mineral can be found mixed with other minerals and natural materials such as Calcite, Fluorapatite (mostly in Afghanistan), Ilvaite (in Russia). Quartz also goes by the name of Silica (which depicts Quartz, Opal & Chalcedony).
In 1987 Caesar Stone Company established near the Caesarea Maritima - the ancient Roman city in Israel, they were the first manufactures of quartz slabs for kitchen usually distributed as quartz countertop by different models, and a few more uses. Their surface slabs are made to be easy to transport, fabricate and building for the fair home kitchen.
Quartz is one of nature's hardest fabrics - and is the main component in the Quartz surfaces. Companies like CS caused a major change in the surfaces market by making brand new type of surfaces out of Quartz in the mid 80's. The Quartz surfaces were made from nearly 93% natural quartz mixture and sum of tint and increased polymer resins.
When comes to kitchen quartz counter top from any kind is rigid and harder than modern granite surfaces, also few times more elastic and resist cracking or breaking.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Motchka_Curtis |
Semi-precious Gemstones - Properties and History
By Dr. Mark Clayson
Semi-Precious Gemstones and Their Properties Continued
Lapis Lazuli – from the Latin, ‘lapis’, which means stone, and from azul (Arabic) meaning blue.
Description- a bright blue metamorphic rock, composed of minerals such as lazurite, sodalite, pyrite and calcite. The best quality lapis lazuli have a potent dark blue with small areas of white calcite and metallic pyrite.
Characteristics of the Gem- The intense dark blue stone is somewhat soft, 5.5 on Moh’s scale. Luster is vitreous to oily and crystal structures vary depending on the mineral composition.
Holistic Properties- is for mind/body/soul connection to the higher spiritual self. Is said to lessen anxiety, create overall body/mind relaxation and changes darkness to light/ negative to positive, also called ‘night stone’
Folklore- Known by the Romans as a strong aphrodisiac. In the Middle ages it was used to keep the arms and legs in good health and release the soul from envy, fear or error.
Sourcing- Afghanistan mines the best quality deep colored stones, also, lighter stones found in Chile, Russia and the US
History- In Renaissance paintings, the beautiful blue stone was ground up and put into the pigment ultramarine, which was used to paint sky, sea and anything blue. It’s existence in trade is evident in the ancient city of Ur as early as 4th millennium B.C. Lapis Lazuli is also seen from Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia, Greece and Rome in adornments for royal jewels and other amulets.
Topaz –from Sanskrit ‘tapas', meaning fire.
Description- Topaz exists in an earthly palette. Deep golden yellow and pink have the highest value. Blue Topaz exists, with color enhancement through irradiation.
Characteristics of the Gem- Topaz has an orthorhombic crystal structure and rates 8 on Moh’s scale. Topaz occasionally has tear-shaped cavities encompassing a gas bubble or varied immiscible liquids. Some have diamond-shaped cross-section attributes with striations running the length of the stone.
Holistic Properties- A formidable healing stone that encourages well-being. It attracts love, enables creativity and promotes self-expression. Topaz has medical benefits in easing insomnia, asthma and hemorrhages.
Folklore- The Greeks believed it made the wearer invisible when used in emergency. Topaz was used to banish enchantment and aided in correcting eyesight. Its esoteric and restorative attributes were controlled by the waxing and waning of the moon.
Sourcing- Topaz is found in igneous rocks- in pegmatite’s, granites and volcanic lavas. Locations include Brazil, US, Pakistan, Tasmania, Australia, Russia and Mexico.
History- Some famous Topaz gemstones: The Giant Braganza (originally mistaken as a diamond) from the Portuguese Crown, two very large and beautiful Topaz in museum collections, the Green Vault in Dresden and The Smithsonian Institute’s “Hall of Giants”. Historically, Topaz has been associated with the sun as the Egyptians attributed its golden glow to the sun god Ra and the Romans associated it with their god of the sun, Jupiter.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Dr._Mark_Clayson Read More ..Garnet: The January Birthstone
By Lee Dobbins
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For those who are born in the month of January, they should be familiar to their birthstone, which is garnet. It is a wonderful stone with great properties and a variety of uses. It is recognized as the birthstone for January and is used as a gem for jewelry, but it is also a material that is used in industrial processes.
Garnet is a wonderful gemstone that comes in many different shapes and colors. But there is more to garnet than being a birthstone of January. Let's take a look at some of the facts about this wonderful gem.
The Uses of Garnet
Garnet is considered to be one of the most, if not the most versatile gems in the world market today. The use of garnet can be traced back to the ancient times, particularly the Bronze Age, when it was primarily used as an abrasive and a gemstone. Today, industrial garnet is far more valued in aggregate terms than gem garnets. The production of garnet for industrial processes is at least 50 times bigger than the production of gemstone garnet.
The first documented use of garnet for industrial processes can be traced back in 1878, when Barton Mines Corp. manufactured it as a coating for sandpaper. Today, aside from being an abrasive, it is also used to cut steel in water jets under high pressure. States like Alaska, California, Arizona, Colorado, Montana and Idaho have wonderful sources of garnet.
Garnet is also used as an indicator for determining the stages of rock formation. It is used in the process of defining the metamorphic stages of rocks. It is also used to detect the formation of igneous rocks.
Pure garnet crystals are commonly used as gemstones for jewelries. Let's take a look at the different qualities of a garnet as a gemstone.
Garnet Gemstones
Garnet gemstones come in different colors and can change colors if they are placed against different kinds of light. The more popular colors of garnet gemstones are pink to purple red or brownish red. Actually, the colors of garnet gemstones cover the color spectrum pretty well. Some people would say that one can find any color of garnet except for blue. In reality, there has been documented evidence that there exists blue garnet. A blue garnet specimen was discovered in the last decade in Bekily, Madagascar.
Almandine and Pyrope are popularly known as the most common types of garnet, and perhaps the most affordable ones. Rhodolite is also a popular type and this is usually mined in places like India, Africa, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. Another type of garnet is the Tsavorite, which is usually found in Kenya and Tanzania.
History had been witness to the different mystical powers that are associated with garnet. Modern legends would tell us that garnet stones are associated with night vision and success. In the tradition of the Hebrews, garnet is believed to be one of the twelve stones in the breastplate of Aaron. While in Christian tradition, garnet is associated with the suffering and sacrifice of Jesus Christ and is therefore connected with the concept of salvation. It is also believed that in the story of Noah, he used a large piece of a red-colored garnet to be able to illuminate his ark during the great storm. The Quoran also refers to garnet as the light of the fourth heaven.
There are also beliefs that garnet can be used to ensure safety during trips. It is also believed that garnet can cure diseases and food poisoning.
Garnet is a gemstone that got its name from the Greek word “granatus” which literally means “grain.” It refers to the likeness of the structure of the gem to a group of grains. It is also associated with the pomegranate fruit, which resembles the color of the most common garnets and whose seeds resemble the structure of the gemstone.
No matter what kind or what color of garnet we might prefer, one's thing for sure- that garnet stones are definitely versatile and beautiful. One doesn't need to use a microscope to be able to appreciate the beauty of garnet. The people who were born in January are very lucky to have garnet as their gemstone.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Lee_Dobbins
Mineral Absorption
By Stewart Hare
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A large range of minerals are vital for a healthy body and recommended daily allowances of these mineral have been published to address these health concerns. Just by consuming the recommended daily allowance in minerals is not the answer to the problem of mineral deficiency, the problem in mineral deficiency is the absorption of minerals.?
Absorption is the process in which nutrients are passed into the bloodstream. The absorption of minerals by the body is affected by many factors. Different minerals have different absorption rates, mineral absorption rate is affected by an unhealthy diet, diet can also affect absorption level by influencing the elimination rate, the condition of the intestine can affect absorption levels, choosing the right mineral balance and form of mineral will also affect absorption. These are a few of the problems associated with mineral absorption.?
Diet is a major factor in our mineral absorption. Due to soil depletion and demineralisation many of the foods we eat today are lacking in minerals. Processed foods, excess protein and refined sugars need extra minerals that are stored in our bodies to digest and remove them. This removal process requires enzymes which in tern need minerals such as zinc, chromium and copper to work. This cycle promotes mineral deficiency. To add to the problem, milk, alcohol, dairy products, drugs and a high fibre diet all inhibit the absorption of minerals. The western diet of processed foods contributes to the formation of mucoid plaque onto the lining of the colon. This plaque prevents water and minerals from being reabsorbed by the body.?
A phenomenon known as secondary deficiency is another cause of poor mineral absorption. This is when an excess of one mineral causes a deficiency in another. This is because minerals will compete with each other for absorption and the same binding sites. Iron, copper and zinc are competitive in this way. Copper is needed for the conversion of iron to haemoglobin, but if there is too much zinc then less iron will be available for conversion. This in tern may cause a secondary deficiency in iron (anemia), all due to too much zinc. Mineral supplements are a main factor in secondary deficiency.?
The over use of prescription drugs also helps in the deficiency of minerals. Antibiotics, Tylenol, Advil, Motrin, and aspirin all inhibit the absorption of minerals especially zinc, chromium and calcium. Moreover, the bodies own store of minerals are depleted when the body draws on them when it tries to metabolise theses drugs. The most common drug culprits for this are laxatives, diuretics, chemotherapy drugs, and NSAIDs.?
Bioavailability is the main issue that really counts with minerals. Minerals must be in a form that can make it to the cells. Minerals that are not bioavailable just get passed straight through the body. Bioavailability has a precursor which is absorption. To do any good minerals must be absorbed through the intestine walls into the blood stream. Getting enough minerals through food is difficult due to modern farming practices, supplements are a good way but come in many different forms – elemental, ionic, colloidal and chelated. But which is the best form for absorption??
Elemental minerals are the cheapest to produce which makes them the most common form of supplement in shops. The problem is that only 1% to 8% of the mineral supplement is absorbed by the body which makes it an inefficient way of absorbing the correct amount of minerals. Also a lot of the excipients used to bind these cheaper supplements can act as blockers in absorption.
Ionic mineral are the next step up. Ionic means in the form of ions. An ion is an incomplete unstable molecule that wants to bind with another molecule. Ions are absorbed through the gut by becoming attached or chelated with special carrier proteins in the intestine wall. To do this energy is needed. Ionic minerals are a good source of nutrient for the body but they require an acidic environment to be absorbed. The first few centimetres of the small intestine are the best acidic environment for ionic minerals to be absorbed. For the body to absorb an ionic mineral right condition and timing needs to be in place – proper pH and the right area of the intestine.
Colloidal minerals are minerals that are suspended in a solution. The theory with colloidal minerals is that they are easier to absorb because the mineral particles are suspended in a liquid solution. The research into this theory has not even been carried out and proven.?
Chelate is from the Greek word meaning ‘claw’, a chelate is a when a mineral is bound up with or attached with a carrier molecule. Certain pairs of amino acids (dipeptides) are the easiest of all chelates to be absorbed. Dipeptide chelates are absorbed faster than ionic minerals because the chelated mineral is bonded tighter keeping its integrity which allows it to be absorbed easier, faster and requiring less metabolic energy. Research has shown the best bioavailable minerals are amino acid chelated minerals.
Other chelated agents in the diet such as fibre which contains phytates, tea which contains tannins and rhurbarb which contains oxalates are known as bad chelates. This is because phytates, tannins and oxalates bind the minerals in the body to themselves in the same way that amino acids do, this results in the minerals not being absorbed by the body but excreted instead.
So in summary factors that help mineral absorption include the form of the mineral ingested, small particle size, solubility, ascorbic acid, and a good intestinal state. Factors that slow down absorption are oxalic acid, phytic acid, fiber, sodium, tannins, caffeine, protein, fat, antacids, rapid transit time, malabsorption syndromes, precipitation by alkalinization, other minerals, hormones and nutritional status.
In conclusion there are many problems with mineral absorption and if an individual needs mineral supplements to compliment their diet then it is best to take the supplements in a chelated form. This offers many benefits which includes better more natural absorption and less irritation to the digestive system which reduces the 'competition' for absorption between minerals.
Stewart Hare C.H.Ed Dip NutTh
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Stewart_Hare
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